Change = things are different Continuity = things have stayed the same Medicine Through Time Revision Booklet Change = things are different Continuity = things have stayed the same Institution: The Church Government Individuals Education Attitudes in society Science and Technology Communications

Industrial Revolution (c1700-1900) Modern Medicine (c1900-now) Beliefs about the causes of disease Medieval (c1250-1500) Disease was a punishment from God Alignment of the planets and the stars affected disease (astrology) Theory of the Four Humours used to explain disease Miasma (bad smells) caused disease Change or Continuity? Factor Explain why this led to change or continuity Renaissance (c1500-1700) Ordinary people still believed in the Four Humours and miasma (bad smells) still believed to cause disease More understanding of the human body by scientists (e.g. discovering the circulation of blood and investigating the anatomy) Change or Continuity? Factor Explain why this led to change or continuity Industrial Revolution (c1700-1900) Little to no belief in religious or astrological explanations of disease Louis Pasteur published ‘Germ Theory’ that linked microbes (bacteria) to decay Robert Koch started to identify specific microbes that caused specific diseases (e.g. cholera) Change or Continuity? Factor Explain why this led to change or continuity Modern Medicine (c1900-now) Widespread support for Germ theory Only causes of disease that could be proved scientifically were believed Understanding of Genetics and DNA causing disease Direct links made between lifestyle and a person’s health (e.g. diet and smoking) Change or Continuity? Factor Explain why this led to change or continuity

Industrial Revolution (c1700-1900) Modern Medicine (c1900-now) Approaches to Prevention of Disease Medieval (c1250-1500) Living a sin-free life was the best way to prevent disease Having a healthy diet helped ‘balance the humours’ and prevent disease Keeping clean and having good personal hygiene prevented disease through exposure to bad smells Purifying the air Change or Continuity? Factor Explain why this led to change or continuity Renaissance (c1500-1700) People still believed that living a sin-free life would prevent disease Cleanliness was still important, but bathing became less fashionable More steps were taken to remove bad smells from the air (e.g. removing sewage and picking up rubbish) Change or Continuity? Factor Explain why this led to change or continuity Industrial Revolution (c1700-1900) Vaccinations were developed to effectively prevent certain diseases (e.g. smallpox) Government passed laws (Public Health Acts) to improve living conditions in Britain and prevent the spread of disease Change or Continuity? Factor Explain why this led to change or continuity Modern Medicine (c1900-now) Mass vaccinations to prevent numerous diseases (e.g. measles and tetanus) Government passed laws to prevent illness (e.g. Clean Air Acts and banning smoking in public places) Government created advertising campaigns to promote healthier lifestyles Change or Continuity? Factor Explain why this led to change or continuity

Industrial Revolution (c1700-1900) Modern Medicine (c1900-now) Approaches to Treatment of Disease Medieval (c1250-1500) Confessing your sins and asking God for forgiveness would treat religious causes To rebalance the humours methods of bleeding, purging and eating specific foods Supernatural treatments included carrying amulets and saying spells Surgeries performed by barbers Change or Continuity? Factor Explain why this led to change or continuity Renaissance (c1500-1700) Still relied on remedies and cures from medieval times but some new herbal remedies were developed using ingredients from the ‘new world’ Growth of alchemy created new chemical cures (e.g. mercury) Surgeons and apothecaries had to have licences to practice Physicians trained at universities Change or Continuity? Factor Explain why this led to change or continuity Industrial Revolution (c1700-1900) Understanding of anaesthetics and anti-septic surgery improved surgical treatment More complex surgeries were performed as a result Better nursing thanks to the work of Florence Nightingale Change or Continuity? Factor Explain why this led to change or continuity Modern Medicine (c1900-now) Development of ‘magic bullets’ (pills that targeted diseases directly) Development of antibiotics to treat infection (e.g. penicillin) Increased access to medical care through introduction of the NHS Change or Continuity? Factor Explain why this led to change or continuity

Industrial Revolution (c1700-1900) Modern Medicine (c1900-now) Caring for the Sick - Hospitals Medieval (c1250-1500) Did not treat the sick, mostly offered hospitality to travellers Hospitals either ran by monks or nuns or funded by religious charities Good places to rest and recover Focus was on caring for the sick rather than curing diseases Change or Continuity? Factor Explain why this led to change or continuity Renaissance (c1500-1700) No longer just places of rest Patients went to hospitals with wounds and curable diseases (e.g. fevers and skin conditions) Patients visited by physicians Hospitals ran by monasteries had to close following reformation in 1533 Change or Continuity? Factor Explain why this led to change or continuity Industrial Revolution (c1700-1900) Donations from wealthy people created new hospitals Doctors visited patients regularly Massive improvements made following work of Florence Nightingale –massively improved sanitation, created designated wards and even had operating theatres Change or Continuity? Factor Explain why this led to change or continuity Modern Medicine (c1900-now) More even spread of hospitals in 1960s as a result of the NHS Increasingly complex treatments and surgeries performed Patients treated effectively for a wide-range of illnesses and diseases High levels of cleanliness to prevent infection Change or Continuity? Factor Explain why this led to change or continuity

Industrial Revolution (c1700-1900) Modern Medicine (c1900-now) Case Studies Medieval (c1250-1500) Black Death 1348 – 49 Cause – many different beliefs (sent by God, miasma) Treatment – asking for forgiveness, bleeding and purging Government action – laws in place to stop people moving around, stopped cleaning the streets Change or Continuity? Factor Explain why this led to change or continuity Renaissance (c1500-1700) Great Plague 1665 Cause – punishment from God, miasma, spread from person to person Treatment –prayer, carrying herbs Government action – public meetings banned, fires set on street corners, quarantined the sick houses Change or Continuity? Factor Explain why this led to change or continuity Industrial Revolution (c1700-1900) Cholera 1854 Cause – miasma, John Snow believed it was in contaminated water Treatment – no effective treatment Government action – new sewer system built in London, passed Public Health Act, listened to John Snow’s advice Change or Continuity? Factor Explain why this led to change or continuity Modern Medicine (c1900-now) Lung Cancer Causes – smoking, passive smoking, genetics Treatment – transplants, radiotherapy, chemotherapy Government Action – legislation to prevent smoking, increased tobacco tax, advertising campaigns Change or Continuity? Factor Explain why this led to change or continuity