Flashback, Foreshadowing, Symbol, Theme, and Allusion

FLASHBACK An interruption in the action to present events that took place at an earlier time. Can provide information that helps readers understand a character’s current situation. Example: In Touching Spirit Bear, we learn of Cole’s time in Circle Justice through flashback.

FORESHADOWING Occurs when a writer provides hints that suggest future events in a story. Creates suspense while preparing the reader for what is to come. Example: In Touching Spirit Bear, Cole’s familiar rage foreshadows him burning down his cabin and supplies in chapter 2.

SYMBOL A person, place, object, thing, or action that stands for something beyond itself. Universal symbols are those that most people recognize as they are shown. A heart symbolizes love A dove symbolizes peace Whenever a symbol is identified in a story or poem, what it represents must also be identified. Example: Cole’s life as ingredients that make up a cake in Touching Spirit Bear.

THEME A message about life or human nature that is communicated by a literary work. Usually, the reader must infer what the writer’s message is. One way to find theme is to apply the lessons learned by the main characters to all people. A universal theme is one that can apply to all people; it is a lesson anyone can learn from in any time, place, or culture. Example: In Touching Spirit Bear, we see the theme of forgiveness as Cole learns from Edwin and Garvey throughout his time on the island.

Allusions A reference to someone or something that is known from literature, history, religion, mythology, politics, sports, or some other field most people are familiar with. Allusions enrich the reading experience. Writers expect readers to recognize allusions and to think almost at the same time about the literary work and the allusions contained in it. If the reader does not understand the allusion, the work is not as meaningful as it was intended to be. Example: “His mom acted like a scared Barbie doll, always looking good, but never fighting back or standing up to anyone.” – Touching Spirit Bear