Unit 4 New Republic to an Expanding Nation

Section 1 – Timeline Review

Timeline Review 1775: Second Continental Congress First met in response to the Intolerable Acts Governed the U.S. for 6 years 1781: Articles of Confederation Effective March 1 Power to: Have an army Declare war Deal with Native Americans Start a mail service Borrow money Ask states for money to run national government

Timeline Review 1781: Articles of Confederation 1783: Treaty of Paris Trouble right away No power to: Tax people to raise money Settle arguments between states Control trade among states Large states angry that smaller states had same amount of power in Congress 1783: Treaty of Paris Ended American Revolution

Timeline Review After the American Revolution, the U.S. suffered economic depression Business activity slows Prices and wages fall Unemployment rises Shays’ Rebellion Daniel Shays

The U.S. Grows Articles of Confederation said nothing about admitting new states to U.S. Congress passed 2 laws 1st law: Land Ordinance of 1785 Set up a method of surveying or measuring land One of most important items in the ordinance Land was divided into townships One section to be kept for schools Still used in much of U.S. today Northwest Territory (north of Ohio River) and later land west of Mississippi River was measured this way

Land Ordinance of 1785 Township ___, Section ___, _________________

The U.S. Grows Articles of Confederation said nothing about admitting new states to U.S. Congress passed 2 laws 2nd law: Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Organized Northwest Territory Set up government & outlawed slavery Provided for region to be divided into 3-5 separate territories in future A new territory with population of 5,000 adult men could elect own lawmakers When 60,000 free people live in a territory, it could ask Congress to become a state

The U.S. Grows Territory (definition) = land belonging to U.S. but not yet divided into states People had same freedoms as others living in states Northwest Territory Native Americans not happy President Washington later sent several military forces to fight Native Americans

2 Laws passed by Congress while under Articles of Confederation - REVIEW LAND ORDINANCE OF 1785 Set up a method of surveying or measuring land One of most important items in the ordinance Land was divided into townships One section to be kept for schools Still used in much of U.S. today Northwest Territory (north of Ohio River) was measured this way NORTHWEST ORDINANCE OF 1787 Organized Northwest Territory Set up government & outlawed slavery Provided for region to be divided into 3-5 separate territories in future A new territory with population of 5,000 adult men could elect own lawmakers When 60,000 free people live in a territory, it could ask Congress to become a state

Timeline Review 1787: Constitutional Convention In June, George Washington headed meeting of leaders in Philadelphia to improve Articles of Confederation They decided instead to write a new plan for government James Madison, historian

James Madison 1787 Constitutional Convention historian Father of U.S. Constitution

Timeline Review 1787: Constitutional Convention Three-fifths (3/5) Compromise Allowed slave trade for at least 20 years On September 17, the new Constitution of U.S. was completed

Timeline Review 1787: Constitution Federalists – supported the new Constitution Favored a strong national government James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay Antifederalists – opposed the new Constitution Favored strong State governments Main argument was the Constitution had no Bill of Rights Most people were afraid the Constitution: made national government too strong made States too weak gave President too much power

Wrote the Federalist Papers defending the Constitution James Madison Alexander Hamilton John Jay Wrote the Federalist Papers defending the Constitution

Timeline Review 1787: Constitution 1789: U.S. Constitution Ratified Thomas Jefferson suggested adding Bill of Rights To help protect rights of Americans 9 of 13 states had to ratify Constitution for it to become effective 1789: U.S. Constitution Ratified Became the law George Washington became 1st President on April 30, 1789

George Washington John Adams 1st President 1st Vice President George Washington had great power, but not nearly as much as a king

The Articles of Confederation The Constitution Unicameral Each state one vote 9 of 13 states approve laws No executive branch No judicial branch Only states can tax Each state can coin money Each state can regulate trade with other states Each state can act independently Bicameral Senate and House of Reps Majority of each house approves laws Executive branch, headed by President, carries out laws Judicial branch, headed by Supreme Court, interprets laws Congress can tax Only Congress can coin money Only Congress can regulate trade between states States accept Constitution as supreme law of land

Section 2 – George Washington Administration 1789-1797

George Washington’s Administration 1789-1797 Departments set up by Congress State Thomas Jefferson, Secretary Handle relations with other nations War Henry Knox, Secretary Handle military matters

1789-1797 2009 Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson Hillary Clinton 1789-1797 2009 Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson Hillary Clinton of War Henry Knox of Defense Robert Gates

George Washington’s Administration 1789-1797 Departments set up by Congress Treasury Alexander Hamilton, Secretary Handle money matters & raise money for government

1789-1797 2009 Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton Timothy Geithner

George Washington’s Administration 1789-1797 Cabinet – advisors in charge of departments set up by Congress Thomas Jefferson – Secretary of State Henry Knox – Secretary of War Alexander Hamilton – Secretary of the Treasury Edmund Randolph – Attorney General Handle legal matters

1789-1797 2009 Attorney General Edmund Randolph Eric Holder

Alexander Hamilton Started Bank of U.S. Government debt One of his biggest problems Taxed liquor made & sold in U.S. Whiskey Rebellion 1794

George Washington’s Administration 1789-1797 For a nation to become great, its laws must be obeyed Whiskey Rebellion 1794 First problem to challenge Washington Farmers in Pennsylvania refused to pay the tax Washington sent an army of 15,000 to Pennsylvania Government’s show of strength worked & farmers paid the tax

George Washington’s Administration 1789-1797 1789 French Revolution At first, most Americans wanted to support French But when it turned radically violent, Americans became divided Pres. Washington wanted to remain neutral He wanted to stay out of “squabbles” of European nations He issued the Neutrality Proclamation U.S. would not support either side Forbade Americans from aiding French in any way

George Washington’s Administration 1789-1797 July 1790 Congress passed bill providing for new capital city Washington D.C. Not part of any state

Washington, D.C.

George Washington’s Administration 1789-1797 Washington was President for 2 terms In 1796, he said no one should be president more than twice John Adams was elected 2nd President Washington retired to his home in Mt. Vernon, Virginia

George Washington’s Administration 1789-1797 Washington’s Farewell Address Announced his retirement Cautioned U.S. to “steer clear of permanent alliances” Otherwise, U.S. would get pulled into war Urged U.S. to remain neutral in relations with other countries Warned Americans to avoid becoming involved in European affairs This advice guided American foreign policy for many years Urged Americans to avoid political parties

Section 3 Rise of Political Parties U.S. Growth & Expansion

Rise of Political Parties Grew up around 2 of Washington’s advisors Alexander Hamilton Federalists Thomas Jefferson Democratic Republicans

Hamilton & Jefferson & Federalists Democratic Republicans More power to Federal government Foreign policy Close ties with Britain Use Britain as model for U.S. Economy based on manufacturing Wealthy and well educated should lead nation More power to States Foreign policy Close ties with France Use France as model for U.S. Economy based on agriculture People should have political power

Rise of Political Parties Newspapers grow to meet demand for information Take sides with political parties Great influence on public opinion

John Adams – 2nd President of U.S. 1 term: 1797-1801 Federalist Avoided war with France American show of strength with navy Built up American navy Raised taxes Vice President: Thomas Jefferson

1800 Election Electors tie House of Representatives select Thomas Jefferson End of Federalist era

Electoral College

Thomas Jefferson – 3rd President of U.S. 2 terms: 1801-1809 Democratic Republican Louisiana Purchase Doubled size of U.S. Most significant achievement of administration Lewis & Clark Expedition

James Madison – 4th President of U.S. 2 terms: 1809-1817 Democratic Republican Stopped trade with England & France War of 1812

War of 1812 Causes British impressment & seizure of ships & goods Indian unrest in West, encouraged by British “War Hawks” wanted Canada & Florida

War of 1812 British marched on Washington D.C. Battle of Fort McHenry Burned White House & Capitol Dolly Madison saved paintings & documents Battle of Fort McHenry Francis Scott Key wrote “The Star-Spangled Banner” William Henry Harrison defeats Tecumseh

War of 1812 Treaty of Ghent in 1814 ends war Status quo ante bellum Each side retained territory held prior to war Impressment issue left unsettled

War of 1812 Battle of New Orleans in 1815 Before news of Treaty reached America General Andrew Jackson defeats British 2,000 British killed 21 Americans died

Battle of New Orleans – Johnny Horton In 1814 we took a little trip Along with Colonel Jackson down the mighty Mississip. We took a little bacon and we took a little beans And we caught the bloody British in the town of New Orleans. [Chorus:] We fired our guns and the British kept a'comin. There wasn't nigh as many as there was a while ago. We fired once more and they began to runnin' on Down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico. We looked down the river and we see'd the British come. And there must have been a hundred of'em beatin' on the drum. They stepped so high and they made the bugles ring. We stood by our cotton bales and didn't say a thing. [Chorus] Old Hickory said we could take 'em by surprise If we didn't fire our muskets 'til we looked 'em in the eye We held our fire 'til we see'd their faces well. Then we opened up with squirrel guns and really gave 'em ... Well [Chorus] Yeah, they ran through the briars and they ran through the brambles And they ran through the bushes where a rabbit couldn't go. They ran so fast that the hounds couldn't catch 'em Down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico.** We fired our cannon 'til the barrel melted down. So we grabbed an alligator and we fought another round. We filled his head with cannon balls, and powdered his behind And when we touched the powder off, the gator lost his mind. Down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico.

War of 1812 Effects (or results) Often called the Second War of Independence Marked end of U.S. economic dependence on Britain First great step in moving from agrarian nation to industrial giant

Industrial Revolution – Early 1800s Machines replaced hand tools New sources of power replaced human & animal power Steam & electricity Shift from farming to manufacturing People began moving from farms to cities Rise in immigration

Industrial Revolution Factories Owners mostly hired women & children 12 hours/day, 6 days/week Competition led to poor working conditions & low wages Growing cities Hazards Attractions

Hazards Growing Cities (Concept Map) Attractions

Hazards Growing Cities (Concept Map) Attractions 53

James Monroe – 5th President of U.S. 2 terms: 1817-1825 Democratic Republican Era of Good Feelings Missouri Compromise Monroe Doctrine Missouri History

Monroe Doctrine Foreign policy statement U.S. will not interfere in affairs of European nations or their colonies Warned European nations not to interfere with independent nations in Western Hemisphere Cornerstone of American foreign policy for rest of 19th century

James Monroe – 5th President of U.S. 2 terms: 1817-1825 Democratic Republican Era of Good Feelings Missouri Compromise Monroe Doctrine Missouri History

1824 Election – 4 Candidates 1st mud-slinging election Andrew Jackson John Quincy Adams Henry Clay William Crawford

John Quincy Adams – 6th President of U.S. 1 term: 1825-1829 National Republican Party

Bitter contest between John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson 1830s 1828 Election Bitter contest between John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson 1830s Two new political parties grew out of J.Q. Adams and A. Jackson conflict Whigs: People who supported Adams’ programs for national growth Wanted government to spur the economy Democrats: Jackson supporters Roots of today’s Democratic Party

Andrew Jackson – 7th President of U.S. 2 terms: 1829-1837 Democratic Party Indian Removal Act Indians forced to sign treaties agreeing to move west of Mississippi River Opened Indian land to white settlers Protected Indians from whites Trail of Tears

Andrew Jackson – 7th President of U.S. Very popular with the people Spoils system Practice of rewarding supporters with government jobs

1821: Americans receive land grants in Texas from Spain Mexico won independence from Spain, but agreed to let Americans settle in Texas Stephen Austin took wagon train to Mexico Settlers were mostly from Farmington, Ste. Genevieve, and Perry County

Texas land free to Americans – under conditions: Must agree to become Mexican citizens & obey Mexican laws Must be Catholic No slaves

1830: 20,000 Americans had settled in Texas Felt no loyalty to Mexico Spoke little Spanish Most were Protestants Mexico closed border to Americans 1836: Texans declare independence from Mexico

1836: The Alamo General Santa Anna attacked with 6,000 Mexican troops Less than 200 Americans lasted for 13 days William Travis David Bowie Davy Crockett 183 Texans and 1,500 Mexicans died Texan survivors of the battle were executed Viewed by Americans as a slaughter A generation grew up hating Mexicans

Americans flooded to join Sam Houston’s army & fight the Mexicans “Remember the Alamo!” Most Texans wanted to become part of U.S. President Jackson thought would lead to war with Mexico U.S. refused to annex Texas Texas became Lone Star Republic

Martin Van Buren – 8th President of U.S. 1 term: 1837-1841 Democratic Party Politician (not a war hero)

Martin Van Buren – 8th President of U.S. Panic of 1837 Worst economic crisis nation had known Speculators bought land in West Cotton prices went down Banks failed Depression 90% of factories closed President took little action

William Henry Harrison – 9th President of U.S. 1 term: 1841 Whig Party Vice President: John Tyler

William Henry Harrison – 9th President of U.S. Hero of Tippecanoe “Tippecanoe and Tyler too” New sort of campaign and politics Politicians made speeches Candidates campaigned at rallies & banquets Political parties competed by offering exciting entertainment Both parties involved in name-calling, half truths & lies

John Tyler – 10th President of U.S. 1 term: 1841-1845 Whig Party Vice President: None First Vice President to succeed a President who died in office A Whig (formerly a Democrat) All but one of his Cabinet members resigned Whigs threw Tyler out of the political party Few friends in either party – accomplished little during his term

John Tyler – 10th President of U.S. 1843: Westward Ho! Wagon trains began taking thousands to Oregon Country Greater than 50,000 Americans went to Oregon from 1840-1860 Overland Trails

Manifest Destiny The belief that the U.S. had the right to all the land between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. For Americans, racism justified taking over lands belonging to Indians and Mexicans whom they considered inferior.

James K. Polk – 11th President of U.S. 1 term: 1845-1849 Democratic Party Expansionist president 1846 Oregon Treaty 1846 Mexican War

Zachary Taylor – 12th President of U.S. 1 term: 1849-1850 Whig Party Vice President: Millard Fillmore General in Mexican War

Millard Fillmore – 13th President of U.S. 1 term: 1850-1853 Whig Party Vice President: None Compromise of 1850 Final attempt to resolve slavery issue & prevent civil war Fugitive Slave Act

Franklin Pierce – 14th President of U.S. 1 term: 1853-1857 Democratic Party

Franklin Pierce – 14th President of U.S. 1853 Gadsden Purchase Purchased from Mexico for southern transcontinental railroad Completed modern outline of 48 U.S. states

Franklin Pierce – 14th President of U.S. 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act Repealed Missouri Compromise by allowing Kansas & Nebraska to decide for themselves whether to permit slavery – the concept of popular sovereignty

James Buchanan – 15th President of U.S. 1 term: 1857-1861 Democratic Party 1857 Supreme Court’s Dred Scott decision

1857 Supreme Court’s Dred Scott decision Scott could not file law suit Blacks were not citizens Justices agreed that slaves were property Congress did not have power to outlaw slavery in any territory Missouri Compromise now unconstitutional Slavery now legal in all territories

Election of 1860 Abraham Lincoln wins He believed slavery was wrong Felt deeply that slavery was “a moral, social, and political wrong.” Promised not to end slavery if the South would not secede from the Union. Did little to stop war after his election & before he became president.

Election of 1860 Before Buchanan stepped down, 7 states seceded from the U.S. & became the Confederate States of America South Carolina (1st) Alabama Florida Georgia Louisiana Mississippi Texas

Steps to the Civil War 3/5 Compromise Industrial Revolution Missouri Compromise Mexican War Compromise of 1850 (Fugitive Slave Act) Kansas-Nebraska Act Supreme Court’s Dred Scott Decision

Abraham Lincoln – 16th President of U.S. 2 terms: 1861-1865 Republican Party