Antecedent Control: Modeling, Guidance, and Situational Inducement Chapter 18 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Modeling A procedure whereby a sample of a given behavior is presented to an individual to induce that individual to engage in a similar behavior Commonly-used procedure by the general public Generalized imitation An individual, after learning to imitate a number of behaviors, learns to imitate a new response on the first trial without reinforcement Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Modeling Factors influencing the effectiveness of modeling: History of being reinforced (or punished) for imitating others More likely to imitate someone who is similar to you in various ways Perceived competence of the model in obtaining desired consequences The number of people modeling a particular behavior Most effective when combined with with rules and other behavioral strategies Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Guidelines for Using Modeling If possible, select models who are friends or peers of the client and who are seen as competent individuals with status or prestige If possible, use more than one model The complexity of the modeled behavior should be suitable for the behavioral level of the learner Combine rules with modeling Have the learner watch the model perform the behavior and be reinforced If possible, use natural reinforcers; if this is not possible, arrange for reinforcement If behavior is complex, then modeling should be sequenced from very easy to more difficult approximations for the learner To enhance stimulus generalization, the modeling scenes should be as realistic as possible Use fading as necessary so that stimuli other than the model can take control over the desired behavior Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Physical Guidance Application of physical contact to induce an individual to go through the motions of the desired behavior Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Guidelines for Using Physical Guidance Make sure the learner is comfortable and relaxed while being touched and guided Determine the stimuli that you want to control the behavior so that they can be conspicuously present during guidance Consider using rules or cue words during guidance so that they may eventually control behavior Reinforcement should be given immediately after the successful completion of the guided response Guidance should be sequenced gradually from very easy to more difficult behavior for the learner Use fading as necessary Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Situational Inducement Influencing a behavior by using situations and occasions that already exert control over behavior Categories of situational inducement: Rearranging the surroundings Moving the activity to a new location Relocating people Changing the time of activity Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Guidelines for Using Situational Inducement Clearly identify the desired behavior to be strengthened, and, if appropriate, the undesirable behavior to be decreased Brainstorm all possible environmental arrangements in the presence of which the behavior has occurred in the past or is likely to occur From your list, identify those stimuli that could be easily introduced to control the target behavior Arrange for the learner to be exposed to the stimuli that control the behavior in the desired way and to avoid locations and arrangements that do not have this control Try to make sure undesirable behavior does not occur in the presence of situations introduced to strengthen desirable behavior When the desirable behavior occurs in the presence of the new arrangement, be sure that it is reinforced Use fading to bring the behavior under desired stimulus control Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.