Quiz 4 review

Quiz 4 Heart Lung Kidney

Contents of a plaque

Atherosclerosis: Major Risk Factors Non-modifiable Increasing age Gender Family history Genetic abnormalities Potentially modifiable Hyperlipidemia Hypertension Cigarette smoking Diabetes C-reactive protein level

Clinical consequences of left and right heart failure cyanosis pulmonary edema hepatomegaly Clinical consequences of left and right heart failure splenomegaly ascites peripheral edema

Congenital Heart Disease Left-to-right shunts atrial septal defects ventricular septal defects Patent ductus arteriosus Right-to-left shunts tetralogy of Fallot transposition of the great arteries Obstructions aortic coarctation

Tetralogy of Fallot

Infective Endocarditis Microbial invasion of heart valves, endocardium Acute endocarditis highly virulent bug attacks normal valve half of patients dead within days to weeks Subacute endocarditis low virulence bug colonizes abnormal valve slow onset, long course, most recover Symptoms: fever, flu-like symptoms Complications: septicemia, arrhythmias, renal failure, systemic emboli

Respiratory Pathology Outline Acute respiratory distress syndrome Obstructive lung diseases Restrictive lung diseases Vascular diseases Infections Carcinoma

Diffuse alveolar damage: hyaline membranes

Emphysema: dilated air spaces

Chronic bronchitis: mucous gland hyperplasia

How is asthma triggered?

Bronchiectasis

IPF: tons of fibrosis

Asbestos fibers

Typical bugs in different clinical settings Community-acquired Streptococcus pneumoniae Haemophilus influenzae Mycoplasma pneumoniae viruses Immunocompromised Cytomegalovirus Pneumocystis jiroveci Aspergillus Nosocomial gram-negative rods Staphylococcus aureus Chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis Histoplasma capsulatum Aspiration Anaerobic bacteria

Adenocarcinoma

Adenocarcinoma in situ

Squamous cell carcinoma

Large cell carcinoma

Small cell carcinoma

Renal Pathology Outline Introductory stuff Glomerular diseases Tubular and interstitial diseases Diseases involving blood vessels Cystic diseases Tumors

Nephrotic vs. Nephritic Syndrome Massive proteinuria Hypoalbuminemia Edema Hyperlipidemia/-uria Nephrotic syndrome Hematuria Oliguria Azotemia Hypertension Nephritic syndrome

Renal Pathology Outline Introductory stuff Glomerular diseases Nephrotic syndrome Minimal change disease Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis Membranous nephropathy Nephritic syndrome Postinfectious GN IgA nephropathy

1. Which of the following is a typical symptom of left heart failure? Splenomegaly Pitting edema Ascites Dyspnea Hepatomegaly 90

2. Which of the following is NOT a feature of tetralogy of Fallot? Atrial septal defect Ventricular septal defect Pulmonary outflow tract obstruction Right ventricular hypertrophy Overriding aorta 90

3. Which of the following is a MAJOR risk factor for atherosclerosis? Estrogen deficiency Stress Cigarette smoking Physical inactivity A type “A” personality 90

4. In the US, the most common cause of heart disease is: Congenital defect Viral infection Bacterial infection Atherosclerosis Idiopathic cardiomyopathy 90

5. Which of the following is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia? Streptococcus pneumoniae Staphylococcus aureus Haemophilus influenzae Mycoplasma pneumoniae Neisseria meningitidis 90

6. In which of the following diseases does a Ghon complex occur? Lobar pneumonia Interstitial pneumonia Pulmonary tuberculosis Lung abscess Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 90

7. Which of the following lung findings is commonly present in chronic bronchitis? Dilated terminal bronchioles Mucous gland hyperplasia Abundant eosinophils Necrotizing granulomas Large emboli 90

8. Which of the following diseases is NOT caused primarily by smoking? Pneumoconiosis Chronic bronchitis Squamous cell lung carcinoma Small cell lung carcinoma Emphysema 90

9. Which of the following is true regarding small cell lung carcinoma? The tumor cells tend to form glandular structures Patients may develop paraneoplastic syndromes The tumor has a very low growth fraction It has a relatively good prognosis compared to other types of lung carcinoma It rarely metastasizes 90

10. Which of the following is a major component of the nephrotic syndrome? Massive proteinuria Oliguria Azotemia Hypertension Hematuria 90