Metabolism of Sulfur containing amino acids Dr. Ketki K Assistant Professor Dept of Biochemistry HIMS Varanasi

Sulfur containing amino acids The sulfur – containing amino acids: Methionine, cysteine & cystine Methionine is glucogenic & essential amino acid Serves as a precursor for the synthesis of cysteine & cystine which are non-essential Cysteine & cystine are interconvertible Cystine is found exclusively in protein

Methionine: required for the initiation of protein biosynthesis The sulfur - containing amino acids: almost an exclusive dietary source of sulfur to the body

Metabolism of Methionine It may be divided into three parts Activation of methionine & transmethylation reaction Conversion of methionine to cysteine & cystine Degradation of cysteine & its conversion to specialized products

Synthesis of SAM

Methionine metabolism Methionine adenosyltransferase Methionine SAM 2Pi + Pi THF ATP Acceptor Methyl transferase CH3 Methylated product N5-Methyl THF Adenosylhomocysteinase Homocysteine S-adenosylhomocysteine Adenosine H2O

Activation of methionine Methionine has to be activated to S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) or active methionine [to donate the methyl group] The synthesis of SAM occurs by the transfer of adenosyl group from ATP to sulfur atom of methionine

This reaction is catalysed by methionine S-adenosyltransferase (MAT) 3 isoenzymes for MAT Three high energy phosphates (3ATP) are consumed in the formation of SAM SAM is the main source of methyl groups in body

Methyl transfer: SAM transfers the methyl group to an acceptor & gets itself converted to S-adenosyl-homocysteine (SAH) → enzyme: methyltransferase Homocysteine: S-Adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) is hydrolysed (adenosyl group is removed) to homocysteine & adenosine → enzyme: adenosine homocysteinase

Methionine synthesis (from homocysteine): Homocysteine can be remethylated to methionine by N5-methyl tetrahydrofolate This methyl group is donated from one-carbon pool, with the help of vitamin B12 In this manner, methionine can be regenerated for reuse

Homocysteine degradation: Homocysteine condenses with serine to form cystathionine This is catalysed by PLP dependent cystathionine-β-synthase Absence of this enzyme leads to homocystinuria

Cysteine synthesis: Hydrolysis of cystathionine to form homoserine & cysteine → enzyme: cystathionase Net result: SH group is transferred from methionine to serine to form cysteine It is c/a trans-sulfuration reaction

Final oxidation Homoserine is deaminated & then decarboxylated to form propionyl CoA Which enters into TCA cycle as succinyl CoA Which is converted to glucose

Transmethylation The transfer of methyl group (-CH3) from active methionine/SAM to an acceptor is known as transmethylation SAM acts as donor of methyl group to the acceptor ,so that acceptor is converted to methyl acceptor The enzymes involved in the transfer of methyl group : collectively k/a methyl-transferases

Origin of methyl group: derived from one carbon pool Methyl THFA can transfer methyl group to homocysteine Vit B12 acts as co-enzyme Explain folate trap

Transmethylation reactions Methyl group acceptor Methylated product Guanidinoacetate Creatine Norepinephrine Epinephrine Metanephrine Ethanolamine Choline Nicotinamide N-Methylnicotinamide Acetyl serotonin Melatonin Phosphatidylethanolamine Phosphatidylcholine Serine Carnosine Anserine t-RNA bases Methylated t-RNA bases Lysine Methyl lysine

"As soon as the fear approaches near, attack and destroy it "As soon as the fear approaches near, attack and destroy it." Chanakya quotes (Indian politician, strategist and writer, 350 BC-275 BC)  

Cysteine Metabolism

Content Introduction Synthesis of cysteine Degradation of cysteine Metabolic function of cysteine Disorders a/w cysteine metabolism

Cysteine (Cys)(C) Non-essential Glucogenic amino acid Cysteine : present in large quantity in keratin of hair & nails Formation of cysteine is by using the carbon skeleton contributed by serine & sulfur originating from methionine

Synthesis of Cysteine

Degradation of Cysteine Trans-amination May be removed as H2S Decarboxylation

Pyruvate formation from cysteine

Decarboxylation of cysteine

Metabolic Functions of Cysteine Formation of Glutathione Amino acid transport Co-enzyme role RBC membrane integrity Prevents met-hemoglobinemia Conjugation for detoxification Activation of enzymes Formation of Taurine Keeping correct structure of proteins

Glutathione

Role of glutathione in Amino acid transport

Role of glutathione as Co-enzyme 2GSH ( Reduced)→ GS-SG (Oxidized) + H2 Hydrogen released is used for reducing other substrates Maleylacetoacetate → Fumarylacetoacetate Cysteic acid → Taurine (Iodine) I2 + 2GSH → 2HI + GS-SG

Role of glutathione in maintaining RBC membrane integrity Free radical scavenging

Role of glutathione in preventing met-hemoglobinemia 2 Met-Hb-(Fe 3+) + 2 GSH → 2Hb –(Fe 2+) + 2 H + + GS-SG Glutathione is required to convert met-Hb(ferric state) to normal Hb (ferrous state)

Role of glutathione in conjugation for detoxification Helps to detoxify several compounds by transferring the cysteinyl group, Eg: 1) Organophosphorus compounds 2) Halogenated compounds 3) Heavy metals 4) Drug metabolism

GST Peptidase Acetylase

Role of glutathione in keeping the enzymes in reduced ,active state

Formation of taurine Cysteine to cystic acid and then taurine Taurine is used for conjugation of bile acids Taurine + Cholyl CoA → Tauro cholate + CoA- SH Taurine: Inhibitory Neurotransmitter in CNS

Formation of taurine from cysteine

Role of glutathione in Keeping correct structure of proteins Cysteine residues in polypeptide chains form disulfide bridges to make active proteins, e.g. insulin & immunoglobulins

Inborn errors of sulfur containing amino acid metabolism Cystinuria Cystinosis Homocystinuria Cystathioninuria Acquired Hyperhomocysteinemia

Inborn errors of sulfur amino acid metabolism Cystinuria (cystine-lysinuria): The most common inherited disease/AR It is characterized by increased excretion of cystine Elevation in the urinary output of ornithine,arginine & lysine

A specific carrier system exists in kidney tubules for the reabsorption of amino acids, namely cystine, ornithine, arginine & lysine (COAL to recall) In cystinuria, this carrier system becomes defective leading to the excretion of all these four amino acids in urine (cause)

Cystine is relatively insoluble & increased concentrations leads to precipitation & formation of cystine stones in kidney & urinary tract (c/f) Cystinuria is usually identified in the laboratory by cyanide nitroprusside test The treatment includes restricted ingestion of dietary cysteine & high intake of fluids Garrod’s tetrad: alkaptonuria,albinism,cystinuria,pentosuria

Cystinosis (cystine storage disease) Cystine crystals are deposited in many tissues & organs of reticulo-endothelial system throughout the body These include spleen, lymph nodes, liver, kidney, bone marrow etc. A defect in the Iysosomal function Cystine accumulates in the lysosomes of various tissues

In cystinosis, renal function is impaired It is characterized by generalized amino aciduria The affected patients die within 10 years, mostly due to renal failure

Homocystinurias Homocystinurias : A group of metabolic disorders characterized by the accumulation & increased urinary excretion of homocysteine & S-adenosyl methionine, decreased cysteine in urine Plasma concentration of methionine is increased

Homocystinuria type I Enzyme defect: Cystathionine beta synthase Accumulation of homocysteine & methionine,excreted in urine Plasma cysteine reduced Two forms of type I homocystinurias One of them can be corrected with vitamin B6 supplementation (B6 responsive) while the other does not respond to B6.

Homocystinuria ll: N5 - N10 - Methylene THF reductase deficiency Homocystinuria lll: N5 Methyl THF homocysteine methyltransferase deficiency This is mostly due to impairment in the synthesis of methylcobalamin Homocystinurla lV: N5 - Methyl THF homocysteine methyl transferase deficiency This is primarily due to a defect in the intestinal absorption of vitamin B12

Charley chaplin gait/ Skeletal deformity C/F: Mental retardation Charley chaplin gait/ Skeletal deformity Ectopia lentis,myopia,glaucoma Thrombosis ACTIVATION OF HAGEMAN’S FACTOR, INCREASED PLATLET ADHESIVENESS,THROMBOSIS

Investigation: Aminoaciduria: Homocysteine in urine Increased methionine & homocysteine(normal level: 5-15 µmol/L) in blood Cyanide-nitroprusside test: positive in urine ,it indicates urine homocysteine > 300 mg/24h

Treatment: The treatment includes consumption of diet low in methionine & high in cysteine PLP given in large doses (500 mg) : corrects the defect

The patients of homocystinuria have high levels of homocysteine & usually die of myocardial infarction, stroke. Homocysteine & heart attack:

Homocysteine & heart attack Homocysteine interacts with lysyl residue of collagen ↓ Interfere with collagen cross linking & also defective protein fibrillin forms homocysteine thiolactone which binds with LDL particles Particles aggregate & endocytosed by macrophages increased tendency for atherogenesis

Providing adequate PLP,Folic acid, Vitamin B12 keep homocysteine in blood at normal level Maternal hyperhomocysteinemia: Increase chance of neural tube defect in fetus,so high doses of folic acid advised during pregnancy

Cystathioninuria Autosomal recessive condition Enzyme defect: cystathionase deficiency C/F: Mentalretardation,anemia,thrombocytopenia Investigation: Cystathionine in blood & urine, Negative cyanide nitroprusside test Treatment: cysteine rich diet, diet low in methionine, PLP in large doses(200-400 mg)

Acquired Hyperhomocysteinemia Causes Nutritional: B12,folic acid,PLP deficiency Metabolic: hypothyroidism,chronic renal disease Drug induced: Folate antagonist,B12 antagonist, Pyridoxine antagonist Oasthouse syndrome is due to malabsorption of methionine. Such children excrete methionine, aromatic & branched chain amino acids in urine

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