איבוד בקרת מחזור התא.

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איבוד בקרת מחזור התא

סרטן הסטטיסטיקה מתייחסת לארה"ב – יחסים פופורציונים דומים לישראל

עקומת תמותה מסרטן כפונקציה של גיל

Females Male Cancer due to mutations

מה זה סרטן? סרטן יש בגופנו כ-20 טרליון תאים, לכל תא יש את הפוטנציאל להפוך לתא סרטני. סרטן הוא שם כללי ל-300 ויותר מחלות שונות. תאי הגוף מתחלקים רק כאשר הם נדרשים לכך. תאים סרטנים מתחלקים ללא בקרה ועוברים ממקומם הראשוני לרקמות אחרות.

Cancer cell 1 Cancer Cell כל סרטן מקורו מתא אחד שהתחיל להתחלק ללא בקרה ועפ"ר בקצב גבוה

מה ההגדרה של תא נורמלי? 1 מותנה בעיגון 2 חלבוני הקולוגן שמופרשים מהתא יוצרים את ה-ECM עיכוב ע"י מגע 3 תלות בפקטורי גדילה 4

מה ההגדרה של תא סרטני (עבר טראנספורמציה)? חיי נצח אנפלואידיות איבוד חלקי או מלא של הצורך בפקטורי גידול. איבוד של עיכוב גידול ע"י מגע איבוד של הצורך להיות מעוגן לECM

normal transformed by virus contact-inhibited pile up, rounded סרטן שד

כל תאי הסרטן מאופנים באיבוד בקרת מחזור התא

Cell cycle and cancer

איזה מוטציות גורמות לסרטן? מעלות פעילות של גנים שהחלבונים שלהם גורמים לתא להתחלק מורידות פעילות של גנים שהחלבונים שלהם גורמים לתא לא להתחלק

אונקוגנים – גנים הגורמים לסרטן , גנים ויראליים Sarcoma virus אונקוגנים – גנים הגורמים לסרטן , גנים ויראליים פרוטואונקוגנים – גנים בתא המקודדים לחלבונים המעורבים בגידול התא או חלוקתו, מסוגלים להפוך לאונקוגנים לאחר מוטצי/ות.

חוסמים את גידול התא או חלוקתו חלבוני תיקון DNA חלבוני עיגון מעכבי גידול

Mutated or “activated” What are the genes responsible for tumorigenic cell growth? Normal Cancer Proto-oncogenes Cell growth and proliferation Tumor suppressor genes + - Mutated or “activated” oncogenes Malignant transformation Loss or mutation of ++ Proto-tumor sup1 Proto-to-tumor2

Proto-to-oncogene טרנסלוקציה אמפליפיקציה מוטציה נקודתית פרוטואונקוגנים – גנים בתא המקודדים לחלבונים המעורבים בגידול התא או חלוקתו, מסוגלים להפוך לאונקוגנים לאחר מוטצי/ות.

Molecular Basis of Philadelphia chromosome Translocation, causing chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Treatment by Gleevec that blokes the abnormal enzyme. גליבאק

מוטציה גורמת לרטינובלסטומה בילדים בשתי העיניים עוצר את מחזור התא בשלב G1 מוטציה ב-Rb גורמת להצטברות מוטציות בגנים אחרים

Sarcoma virus

4 מוטציות בארבעה גנים שונים נדרשות להופעת סרטן המעי הגס CC

רקע גנטי לחלק מחולות סרטן השד

Hereditary Risk : Genes Affecting DNA repair and Genetic Stability גורמי סביבה

רק 5% מחולות סרטן השד נושאות מוטציות מורשות ב-BRCA1 and BRCA2 ליתר ה-95% לא ידוע על רקע גנטי סרטן והמערכת האימונית

מוטציות בגנים ממשפחת הפרוטו-אונקוגנים או ב-tumor sup. Genes יכולה להוביל לסרטן. נדרשת יותר ממוטציה בגן אחד ע"מ שהמחלה תופיע. בגן לBRCA1 זוהו כ-200 מוטציות נקודתיות. הסיכוי לחלות בסרטן שד שונה ממוטציה למוטציה ולא כולן גורמות לסרטן

הקרנות כימוטרפיה ניתוח להסרת הגידול דרכי טיפול בחולי סרטן הקרנות כימוטרפיה ניתוח להסרת הגידול

אנטומיה של בלוטת הפרוסטטה

סרטן הפרוסטטה

Androgen independent prostate cancer

טכניקות ריפוי חדשות שנבדקות במעבדות מחקר Site-Specific Activation of Prodrugs Gene Therapy

Retrovirus Gene expression of virus RT ENV

Learning objectives understand the concept of “multistep carcinogenesis” and what kinds of genes are mutated during this process understand the differences between “oncogenes” and “tumor suppressor genes” understand the relationships between viral oncogenes and host cell oncogenes (proto-oncogenes) understand the concept that oncogenes function in signal transduction understand the mechanisms by which oncogenes are “activated” during carcinogenesis understand the concept that tumor suppressor genes are lost or inactivated during carcinogenesis understand the concept that a “loss of function” mutation can be expressed as a dominant disease (Knudson’s two-hit hypothesis) understand the functions of Rb and p53

Heredity and Cancer Contents Chapter 8 Heredity and Cancer Contents Hereditary Risk: Genes Involved in Restraining Cell Proliferation Hereditary Risk: Genes Affecting DNA Repair and Genetic Stability Hereditary Risk: Other Genes and Issues

Hereditary Risk: Genes Involved in Restraining Cell Proliferation It does not mean that people inherit cancer from their parents Susceptibility of developing cancer Familial cancers Hereditary cancers Non-inherited cancer Sporadic cancers Nonhereditary cancers

Cancer Risk Is Influenced by The Inheritance of Dominant or Recessive Mutation of Varying Penetrance Penetrance: a population of excepted trait

Hereditary Risk : Genes Involved in Restraining Cell Proliferation

Retinoblastoma is a rare childhood cancer of the eye that occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary forms Light-absorbing retinal cells 1/20,000 of chance of developing retinoblastoma (RB) Families of retinoblastoma: 50% of chance F. 8-2 40% RB are familial 60% are sporadic

Hereditary Risk : Genes Involved in Restraining Cell Proliferation

The two-hit model predicts that two mutations needed to trigger the development of retinoblastoma Mechanism: in 1971, two-hit model F. 8-3 Deletion region located on chromosome 13 Association with both the hereditary and nonhereditary form of RB RB gene Both alleles must be mutant (or deleted) for cancer development But the penetrance of retinoblastoma in children who inherit a single defective RB gene is 90%

Hereditary Risk : Genes Involved in Restraining Cell Proliferation

The RB gene is a suppressor of cell proliferation RB protein Tumor suppressor gene

Familial Adenomatosis Polyposis is a colon cancer syndrome caused by inherited mutations in the APC gene 5% colon cancer cases are inherited-mutation (7500/year in USA) F. 8-4 At least one of the polyps is likely to turn malignant by the time of 40 y/o APC gene is responsible for familial adenomatous polyposis (a tumor suppressor gene) APC protein can inhibit the Wnt signaling pathway Wnt signaling pathway palys a prominent role in regulating cell proliferation and differentiation in embryonic development Loss of functional APC protein: enhancing cell proliferation F. 10-8

Hereditary Risk : Genes Involved in Restraining Cell Proliferation

The Li-Fraumeni Syndrome is caused by inherited defects in the p53 gene Li-Fraumeni Syndrome confers 90% of developing cancer but no single cancer predominants Osteosarcomas, breast cancers, leukemia's, adrenal carcinomas, brain tumors…… Defection of p53 gene (a tumor suppressor gene) F. 10-5

Hereditary Risk : Genes Involved in Restraining Cell Proliferation

Other tumor suppressor genes (T. 8-1) Hereditary cancer syndromes arising from defects in genes that restrain cell proliferation share several features in common Common features By a single tumor suppressor gene A dominant trait Two-fit model 50% chance of inheriting the gene defect Inactivation or loss of tumor suppressor gene Have non-hereditary cancers Other tumor suppressor genes (T. 8-1)

Hereditary Risk : Genes Involved in Restraining Cell Proliferation

Hereditary Risk: genes affecting DNA repair and genetic stability Gatekeepers Caretakers

Xeroderma pigmentosum is an inherited sensitivity to sunlight-induced skin cancer Xeroderma pigmentosum is a first report of DNA repair and cancer Sensitive to UV radiation F. 8-6 Involving two mutant copies of the same gene inherited from mother and father A recessive trait F. 8-7 F. 8-8

Hereditary Risk : Genes Affecting DNA repair and Genetic Stability

Hereditary Risk : Genes Affecting DNA repair and Genetic Stability

Hereditary Risk : Genes Affecting DNA repair and Genetic Stability

Mutations in seven different genes about excision repair Xeroderma pigmentosum is caused by inherited defects in excision repair Mutations in seven different genes about excision repair Code for enzymes for excision repair pathway Inheriting two defective copies of any one of these seven genes halts excision repair and creates the cancer predisposition syndrome XPV gene, the eighth gene, is a gene for DNA polymerase eta which catalyzes translesion stnthesis

Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colon Cancer (HNPCC) is caused by inherited defects in mismatch repair At least 8 repair genes involving (~75%)

Mutations is the BRCA1 and BRAC2 genes are linked to inherited risk for breast and ovarian cancer 1/8 women in USA will develop breast cancer 10% breast cancer cases are hereditary Mutation (or defection) either the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene F. 8-9 Non-genetic factors also significantly affect the risk of developing breast cancer BRAC1 and 2 genes are involved in DNA repair

Hereditary Risk : Genes Affecting DNA repair and Genetic Stability

ATM gene code a protein involved in the DNA damage response Inherited defects in DNA repair underlie ataxia telangiectasia, Bloom syndrome, and Fanconi Anemia ATM gene code a protein involved in the DNA damage response For detecting of DNA damage (especially ds DNA break) F. 10-5 and 10-13 BLM gene code for DNA helicase Fanconi anemia is a recessive pattern of inheritance Mutation of at least one of 11 genes which involved in DNA damage responsible pathway

Hereditary Risk: other genes and issues

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type II is caused by an inherited mutation in a proto-oncogene Multiple endocrine neoplasia type II is caused by a mutant RET gene which codes for Ret receptor protein (binding with GF) Mutant RET gene produces a constitutively active Ret receptor Gain-of-function mutation An oncogene F. 8-10

Hereditary Risk : Other Genes and Issues

Primary immunodeficiency disease Inherited variations in immune function and metabolic enzymes can influence cancer risk Primary immunodeficiency disease Caused by inherited mutation Immune system dysfunction Associated with Lymphoma (often by EBV infection) Inhereditary mutation on liver enzymes or proteins Cytochrome P450 enzymes

Small-risk genes affect cancer susceptibility can be significant Cancer susceptibility is influenced by inheritance of small-risk as well as high-risk genes Small-risk genes affect cancer susceptibility can be significant Difficult to identify Not for cancer inheritance F. 8-11

Hereditary Risk : Other Genes and Issues

A cancer is likely to be hereditary? Genetic testing for cancer predisposition has benefits as well as risks A cancer is likely to be hereditary? Without an obvious environmental or lifestyle explanation (such as smoking) Developing cancer during childhood or earlier than typical Developing multiple cancers or different types of cancer in succession Genetic testing T. 8-2

Hereditary Risk : Other Genes and Issues