MACROMOLECULES Chapter 2 Honors Bio

Amino Acids join together to form a polypeptide chain (protein)

What do proteins do? Some control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. Some are used to form bones and muscles. Others transport substances into or out of the cells. Others help to fight diseases. What is the indicator for proteins? the reagent used to test for proteins is buirets solution the positive color change is a light purple, violet

Some proteins regulate the rate of chemical reactions -- these are called enzymes– enzymes speed up a chemical reaction by lowering activation energy

Enzymes Enzymes provide a site where reactants can be brought together to react. The reactants are known as substrates. The substrates fit into an active site on the enzyme. The enzyme and substrate bind together to form an enzyme-substrate complex. This complex has a very precise fit, like a lock & key. Enzymes are not used up in the process, but continue to be operational.

What is the monomer of nucleic acids? You need to know the three parts that make up a Nucleotide Phosphate group 5 carbon sugar Nitrogenous base

DNA The 5 carbon sugar for DNA is deoxyribose The nitrogenous base pairs for DNA Adenine – Thymine Guanine --- Cytosine Hydrogen bonds hold these base pairs together

RNA The 5 carbon sugar is ribose The nitrogenous base pairs for RNA Adenine – Uracil Guanine --- Cytosine Hydrogen bonds hold these base pairs together

What do nucleic acids do? They store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information. DNA is the basic instructions for living things. It is passed down from parent to offspring and is found in the nucleus of the cell. RNA’s principal role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins. What is the indicator for nucleic acids? There is not one

What macromolecule is this? Lipids Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, & steroids

What do lipids do? Lipids can be used to store energy. Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes (cell membrane) and waterproof coverings due to being hydrophobic. What is the indicator that tests for lipids? Sudan & the positive color change is red or there is the brown paper bag test

Saturated vs Unsaturated Lipids

What macromolecule is this? Carbohydrates

What do carbohydrates do? Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy. Plants and some animals use them for structural purposes (cellulose, fiber, in plants & chitin in the exoskeleton of arthropods)

Carbohydrates are found in a 1:2:1 ratio. Example C6H12O6 glucose Carbohydrates consist of sugars and starches What is the indicator for sugars? Benedicts reagent tests for sugars & the positive color change is orange glucose and fructose are simple sugars, sucrose is a starch and therefore is negative when testing for sugar

What is the indicator for starch What is the indicator for starch? Iodine (also known as lugols) & the positive color change is dark purple/ black

Macromolecule review video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QWf2jcznLsY Bozeman science