The role of English pronouns in the sentence Pronouns are words used to replace one or more nouns. They are “deictic” words or words used to denote or relate other words. In this case, they relate other nouns. This make our writing more coherent and less awkward.

There are 8 types of pronouns: 1) Personal pronouns 2) Possessive pronouns 3) Reflexive pronouns 4) Reciprocal pronouns 5) Relative pronouns 6) Demonstrative pronouns 7) Interrogative pronouns 8) Indefinite pronouns

Personal pronouns The nominative case I we he/she sing. you plur. it they You and I must be there at seven o’clock. Golden rule: she can be used for some countries and for ships: England is beautiful and she is ruled by the queen. The Catherine was just rushing along the waves and she didn’t know where she was going. The objective case me us him/her sing. you plur. it them He showed the picture to her and not to me. Pronouns in objective case can be used with any kind of prepositions: This letter is for you. I quite agree with him.

Possessive pronouns I ~ my ~ mine we ~ our ~ ours he ~ his ~ his you ~ your ~ yours she ~ her ~ hers they ~ their ~ theirs it ~ its ~ its This is our cozy sofa  This cozy sofa is ours. Possessive pronouns always come after “all/both”: All my course mates are listening my presentation now. *on my own= by myself  both of them mean “alone”: I were able to disarm the killer by myself. We also use “own” to say that you do smth. yourself instead of smb. else doing it for you: Uzbeks don’t often buy bread from a bakery they bake their own.

Reflexive pronouns my our your your selves him self them her it They defended themselves bravely. *after “to wash, to shave, to bathe, to hide” reflexive pronouns are often missed: Hide behind the tree so that he wouldn’t see you. *we can’t use reflexive pronouns after “meet, feel, concentrate, relax, take/bring smth. with”: Take your umbrella with you in case it rains. *COMPARISON: Hillary and Nick are staying in front of the mirror and they are looking at themselves  Hilary is looking at Nick; Nick is looking at Hillary, so they are looking at each other.

Reciprocal pronouns each other one another Reciprocal pronouns “each other”  is used for two people or things; “one another”  is used for two or more people or things: They were looking at each other and didn’t know what to say. During the exam on Latin my course mates were looking at one another and waited their tern impatiently. *Prepositions with these structures are come before them: The best friends always try to help each other. Reciprocal pronouns

Relative pronouns Relative pronouns are like interrogative pronouns, but they are used to link verbs: who, what, which, whose, whom, why, when. The boy who is reading a book is my little brother. “whose” is used for people and comes before the noun: Do you know the woman whose little daughter was lost. *“whose” is also possible for things: There is a house whose roof is cowered with snow. “that” = “which/whom”: The article that (which) I translated yesterday was very easy. *After “all/any/only” we always use “that”: You may call me at any time that is convenient to you. In extra information sentences we don’t use “that”: Hillary told me about her new job, which she is enjoying very much.

reason + why My grandmother is the best story teller in the world, that’s the reason why I love listening her stories. Sometimes we can miss relative pronouns: This is the fish (which) I have hurt during my fishing. BUT we can’t miss the relative pronoun “whose” and we don’t miss relative pronouns if we give such kind of description: This is the girl whose car was broken. I’m still under the impression of the book by Margaret Mitchell, which I read years ago.

Demonstrative pronouns this that these those “this/that” are the singular form of demonstrative pronouns; “these/those” are the plural form of the demonstrative pronouns; “this/these” are used for things which are closer to you; “that/those” are used for things which are farther from you: Oh, look at this (that) beautiful picture. These books are my course mates' and those are your’s. After these pronouns we usually use “one” so that not to repeat the word once more: Will you give me another book? I don’t like this one. Demonstrative pronouns

Interrogative pronouns Interrogative pronouns are: who (whom), whose, what, which. Who is the girl planting a tree? Preposition + whom: Of whom are you thinking now? Who + preposition: Who are you thinking of? “What” is used for people to know about their profession: What is your son? - He is a dentist. * “by what/with what”: With what is this basket filled?

Indefinite pronouns some, any, no none, much, many little, few, all, one Indefinite pronouns both, either, neither each, every, other some+ of+ possessive pronouns: Some of my friends like doing something crazy. * “some” has a meaning like “approximately”: There were some fifty people. *little = only a little; few = only a few  negative meaning: I’ve got little (only a little) time. *The few students who has left will pass their exams tomorrow.

Thank you for your attention! AMIROVA Z