Figure 8.23a Reprinted, by permission, from O. Shirado et al., 1992, "Influences of disc degeneration on mechanism of thoracolumbar burst fractures," Spine 17(3):286-292.

Figure 8.23b Reprinted, by permission, from O. Shirado et al., 1992, "Influences of disc degeneration on mechanism of thoracolumbar burst fractures," Spine 17(3):286-292.

Figure 8.23c Reprinted, by permission, from O. Shirado et al., 1992, "Influences of disc degeneration on mechanism of thoracolumbar burst fractures," Spine 17(3):286-292.

Figure 8.23d Reprinted, by permission, from O. Shirado et al., 1992, "Influences of disc degeneration on mechanism of thoracolumbar burst fractures," Spine 17(3):286-292.

Figure 8.23e Reprinted, by permission, from O. Shirado et al., 1992, "Influences of disc degeneration on mechanism of thoracolumbar burst fractures," Spine 17(3):286-292.

Figure 8.23f Reprinted, by permission, from O. Shirado et al., 1992, "Influences of disc degeneration on mechanism of thoracolumbar burst fractures," Spine 17(3):286-292.

Figure 8.24a Reprinted, by permission, from W.C. Whiting and S. Rugg, 2006, Dynatomy: Dynamic human anatomy (Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics), 65.

Figure 8.24b Reprinted, by permission, from W.C. Whiting and S. Rugg, 2006, Dynatomy: Dynamic human anatomy (Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics), 65.

Figure 8.24c Reprinted, by permission, from W.C. Whiting and S. Rugg, 2006, Dynatomy: Dynamic human anatomy (Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics), 65.

Figure 8.25

Figure 8.26a \qq Kelly: remove part label xqq\

Figure 8.26b

Figure 8.27

Figure 8.28a Reprinted, by permission, from M. Lindh, 1989, Biomechanics of the lumbar spine. In Basic biomechanics of the musculoskeletal system, 2nd ed., edited by M. Nordin and V.H. Frankel (Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger), 192.

Figure 8.28b Reprinted, by permission, from M. Lindh, 1989, Biomechanics of the lumbar spine. In Basic biomechanics of the musculoskeletal system, 2nd ed., edited by M. Nordin and V.H. Frankel (Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger), 192.

Figure 8.28c Reprinted, by permission, from M. Lindh, 1989, Biomechanics of the lumbar spine. In Basic biomechanics of the musculoskeletal system, 2nd ed., edited by M. Nordin and V.H. Frankel (Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger), 192.

Figure 8.29a

Figure 8.29b

Adapted, by permission, from C.B. Stillerman, J.H. Schneider and J.P. Gruen, 1993, "Evaluation and management of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis," Clinical Neurosurgery 40: 385.

Figure 8.30 This article was published in Clinics in Sports Medicine, Vol. 12, J.T. Stinson, Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis in the athlete, p. 520, Copyright Elsevier (1993).

Figure 8.31

Figure 8.32a Reprinted from A. Nachemson, 1975, "Towards a better understanding of low-back pain: A review of the mechanics of the lumbar disc," Rheumatology 14(3): 129-143, by permission of the Oxford University Press.

Figure 8.32b Reprinted from A. Nachemson, 1975, "Towards a better understanding of low-back pain: A review of the mechanics of the lumbar disc," Rheumatology 14(3): 129-143, by permission of the Oxford University Press.

Figure 8.33a Adapted, by permission, from A.A. White and M.M. Panjabi, 1990, Clinical biomechanics of the spine, 2nd ed. (Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins), 15.

Figure 8.33b Adapted, by permission, from A.A. White and M.M. Panjabi, 1990, Clinical biomechanics of the spine, 2nd ed. (Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins), 15.

Figure 8.34a

Figure 8.34b

Figure 8.34c

Figure 8.34d

Figure 8.34e