Water safety planning Assessment and management strategies to reduce risks of contamination and insufficient supply of drinking water Chemicals Excrement Catch- ment Treat- Distribution Particles Solutes Microbes Accident Sabotage Illegal Connection Backflow Cross-connections Animals, birds in reservoir

Water use efficiency Part of WSSD target for 2005 Water supply has a cost – how to make sure that you make sure that you get the most out of what you pay Strategic planning to maximize the economic and social welfare derived from water Supply vs. demand – is it more cost-effective to invest in increased supply or to encourage decreased demand?

Water use efficiency Technical efficiency User efficiency (behavioral change though incentives or sanctions - “demand management”) Water recycling and reuse Supply efficiency Allocative efficiency Strategic allocation of water to most cost-effective use Balancing social, environmental and economic demand Cost-benefit analysis

Water use efficiency planning Reducing vulnerability and mitigating conflict by planning to meet current and changing demands in a cost-effective manner Example of plan contents: Description of service area and demographics /water supply sources and vulnerability Water transfers/exchanges Existing and projected water use Water efficiency goals (goals and opportunities for increasing water-use efficiency) Evaluation of alternative demand management measures - based on: Existing measures and potential to “step up” Economic, environmental, social, health, customer impact and technological factors Cost-benefit analysis Funding available for implementation (raised tariffs tolerated?) The water supplier's legal authority to implement the measures Detailed water shortage contingency analysis and drought/emergency action plan (including implementing legislation) Recommended long-term efficiency plan Implementation plan