Body Systems

ANATOMY – study of the parts of the body

PHYSIOLOGY – function of the body

ANATOMICAL POSITION – standing erect with face forward, arms at the side, palms forward

Anatomic Terminology – Position and Direction ANTERIOR or VENTRAL – front or in front of POSTERIOR or DORSAL – back or in back of

CRANIAL – refers to the head of the body CAUDAL – means tail end

SUPERIOR – upper or above something INFERIOR – lower or below something

MEDIAL – toward the middle LATERAL – toward the side of the body

PROXIMAL – toward the point of attachment to the body or the trunk of the body DISTAL – away from the point of attachment to the body

DEEP (INTERNAL) – inside the body SUPERFICIAL (EXTERNAL) – near the surface or outside the body

Body Planes and Sections PLANES – imaginary anatomical dividing planes SECTION – cut made through the body in the direction of a certain plane

SAGITTAL PLANE – divides the body into right and left parts

CORONAL (FRONTAL) PLANE – vertical cut at right angles to saggital plane, divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

TRANSVERSE PLANE – cross-section, a horizontal cut that divides the body into upper and lower parts

Cavities of the Body DORSAL CAVITY – contains brain and spinal cord – the brain is in the CRANIAL CAVITY and the spinal cord is in the SPINAL CAVITY.

ANTERIOR or VENTRAL CAVITY contains the THORACIC and ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITIES

Thoracic cavity Contains the lungs and heart

ABDOMINAL CAVITY contains stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder and pancreas

PELVIC CAVITY contains urinary bladder and reproductive organs

Abdominopelvic Cavity Regions Rt. Hypochondriac Lt. hypochondriac Epigastric Rt. Lumbar Lt. Lumbar Umbilical Rt. Inguinal Hypogastric Lt. Inguinal

TISSUES – cells grouped because they are similar in shape, size, structure, and function

EPITHELIAL TISSUE – protects the body by covering internal and external surfaces, and produces secretions

CONNECTIVE TISSUE – supports and connects organs and tissue

MUSCLE TISSUE – has the ability to contract and move the body

NERVOUS TISSUE – cells that react to stimuli and conduct an impulse

ADIPOSE TISSUE – type of connective tissue that stores fat cells

LIGAMENTS – strong, flexible bands of connective tissue that hold bones firmly together at the joints

TENDONS – white bands of connective tissue attaching skeletal muscle to bone

CARTILAGE – firm, flexible support of the embryonic skeleton and part of the adult skeleton

MEMBRANES – formed by putting two thin layers of tissue together, cells may secrete a fluid

MUCOUS MEMBRANES – lines digestive, respiratory, reproductive and urinary systems – produces mucous to lubricate and protect the lining

SEROUS MEMBRANES – double-walled membrane - produces a watery fluid, lines closed body cavities the outer part of the membrane that lines the cavity is the PARIETAL membrane

VISCERAL membrane the part that covers the organs PLEURAL MEMBRANE – lines thoracic or chest cavity and protects the lungs

PERICARDIAL MEMBRANE – lines the heart cavity and protects the heart

PERITONEAL MEMBRANE – lines the abdominal cavity and protects organs

Organs and Systems ORGAN SYSTEM – a group of organs which act together to perform a specific, related function

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

SKELETAL SYSTEM

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

EXCRETORY SYSTEM

NERVOUS SYSTEM

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM