Big Questions
Big Question 1: What were the central ideas of the reformers, and why were they appealing to different social groups? What were the central ideas of the reformers, and why were they appealing to different social groups? Central ideas: Faith earns salvation Clergy men have to pay their taxes Priesthood of all believers Word of God comes from scripture Indulgences are bad and should not be sold Pope needs less power
Big Question 1: What were the central ideas of the reformers, and why were they appealing to different social groups? Anyone can interpret scripture Church should give to charity Catholic Church needs to reform Stop selling positions in the church Appealing: It took power away from the church and the pope which would benefit other people It didn't cost as much as Catholicism It's appealing because the common person could interpret the bible not just take the popes word for it.
Big Question 2: How did the political situation in Germany shape the course of the Reformation? 1. The Habsburg Dynasty was very powerful in Europe, and Max (Holy Roman Emperor) married Mary of Burgundy to form an alliance with France. Charles V, who was the grandson of the Holy Roman Emperor wanted to keep Europe United as a Western Christendom. 2. In the HRE, the rulers determined the religion of their choice. Martin Luther starts to appeal to German leaders. Some rulers agree with Luther while others oppose him and attempt to seize church lands. 3. Zwingli was killed in religious wars between Germany and Switzerland, and and the treaty allows the small counties to choose what religion they want to practice. 4. Charles V reacted to this by calling the Diet of Augsburg, which demanded all Protestants to convert back to Catholicism. 5. The Peace of Augsburg recognized Lutheranism and the leaders of each state gets to decide whether they are Catholic or Protestant. If citizens do not agree with their religion, they can dissent from their nation and move to a different nation.
Big Question 3: How did the Protestant ideas and institutions spread beyond German speaking lands? -The Printing Press spread Luther's idea's about religion quickly and the church couldn't stop the spreading because there were too many books. -Educated people and the humanists agreed with his ideas and helped spread Protestantism to different popes and monks that have left the Catholic Church for Protestantism. -King Henry the 8th didn't agree with Catholicism so he made his own his own religion, and helped spread Protestantism throughout his countries. -Calvinism informed Luther's idea of justification by faith and emphasizes the grace of God or salvation, it also started the spread of new religions other than Lutheranism and Calvinism.
Big Question 4: How did the Catholic Church respond to the new religious situation? Initial response- Catholic Church completely rejected the idea and did everything they could to stop it. (St Bartholomew's Day Massacre) • Then- Catholics began to reform the church, educate the clergy, and get rid of corruption. The Catholic Church refused to compromise with the Protestants • Council of Trent- stop selling indulgences, assert power & reaffirm beliefs, expand missionary work & seminary training, no simony. Spread message of reform & education (built schools) • Spread Catholicism to Asia, Africa, and the Americas
Big Question 5: What were the causes and consequences of religious violence, including riots, wars, and witch-hunts? Causes Other groups believed they were better No religious tolerance People were poor and could not afford indulgences Arrival of Protestantism Consequences People died Cities were destroyed New religious groups Witch hunts