Habits resist temporary threats to goal pursuit

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Presentation transcript:

Habits resist temporary threats to goal pursuit In the introductory session, Wendy argued that habits are notorious for preventing us from maintaining our efforts to make healthy behavior changes In the current talk, I’m going to make essentially the same argument but from the other side of the coin: habits may be necessary to allow us to maintain behavior change Jen Labrecque & Wendy Wood August 26, 2017 Catalina Island, CA Habits resist temporary threats to goal pursuit

Expanding our understanding of habit formation Repetition Context stability Perceived automaticity Other aspects of the participant’s mindset? Deliberation? Can people form habits if they’re thinking deliberately about the behavior, or do they have to be performing it mindlessly? Do people’s perceptions of automaticity for a behavior depend only on their experience of repetition or also whether they are thinking deliberately while repeating? In the talks over the past two days we’ve heard a number of different discussions of how people understand habit formation Early definitions focused only on repetition but as we’ve discussed that tells us little about the pattern of the behavior More current work considers repetition x context stability which better characterizes the behavior itself, but some criticize it still doesn’t tell us about the experience of the person So very commonly especially in the health literature we’ll see the SRHI or SRBAI used to assess the perceived automaticity of participants But what about other aspects of the participant’s mindset?

Once formed, can habits help maintain healthy behavior? Goals are important to motivate the behavior initially but once strong habits form, goals are no longer necessary Shifting the weight of self-regulation from willpower to healthy habits can help people stay on track toward their long-term goals

Today’s talk 1) Test the conditions under which habits form Repetition? Deliberative mindset? 2) Asses how habits maintain behavior over time When intentions change?

hypotheses Effect of practice on habit formation Effect of deliberation on habit formation C-R associations & maintenance Ask as questions For example: What is the effect of practice on habit formation? Stronger habits with more practice or less practice? Does deliberation have an effect on habit formation? It should b/c the C-R assoc should be automatic, and thinking about the process too much while actively learning should get in the way of forming the habit We’re interested in directly measuring the C-R associations that are formed as a measure of habit strength – any ideas about how we’ll measure them? (RT) And what should we find? (Ps with faster RTs = stronger habits should be more likely to maintain those habits over time, even when intentions shift)

Across 3 studies, 331 Ps formed habits to make sushi by adding ingredients to a recipe in a specified order according to instructions Using a flash game that we adapted for this purpose, we trained participants to make sushi using particular ingredients in a specific order.

Deliberation manipulation Study 1 (n = 44) Repeat: “You’re now going to play a game in which you learn how to make sushi.” Study 2 (n = 73) Deliberate: Study 1 + “Try to learn the task because you’ll need to do it later without any instructions.” Study 3 (n = 214) Repeat (Study 1) vs Deliberate: Study 1 + "Pay close attention to the steps and try to learn them because you’ll need to remember each step and do it without any instructions at the end of the study."

Participants completed 2-3 vs 10 practice trials to learn how to make sushi according to the recipe HABIT FORMATION

Habit strength measure: Context-Response Associations Mean RTs for all correct trials

Habit strength measure: Self-Report Behavioral Automaticity Index Mean across all 4 items

intention change manipulation Customize your sushi by choosing a new ingredient. Add the new ingredient after the vinegar step in the recipe. vs

Habit persistence measure: 3 sushi trials without instructions slips/ total Errors After test, again rated their intentions to add the new ingredient

RESULTS 1) Test the conditions under which habits form Repetition? Deliberative mindset? 2) Asses how habits maintain behavior over time When intentions change?

DELIBERATION IMPEDED HABIT FORMATION Note: Lower RTs are Stronger Associations Simple effects: Ps instructed to just repeat the task during practice formed stronger habits with more practice (p = .003) Ps with deliberate learning instructions did not form stronger habits after 10 practice trials than 2 - 3 trials (p = .712) * Making people too thoughtful about the task impeded their habit formation Interaction: F(1, 109) = 7.06, p = .009 Interaction: F(1, 208) = 6.46, p = .012

Regardless of mindset, Ps with more practice reported more automaticity So both of these measures suggest that we formed habits during the sushi game However, it seems that people’s experience of repeating something many times is interpreted as automaticity, whether or not they are actually forming stronger cognitive associations between the particular cue and response

RESULTS 1) Test the conditions under which habits form Repetition? Deliberate mindset? 2) Asses how habits maintain behavior over time When intentions change?

Habits should maintain behavior even if ps intend to do something new When I continue making sushi, I intend to use the new ingredient. (1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree)

Habits persist despite changing intentions

More practiced behaviors were maintained if habits were formed No mediation for Ps with deliberative instructions Habit slips are our measure of persistence – more slips is more that the participant is failing to follow their intention to use the new ingredient and instead falling back on their habit for the original recipe they learned As we saw in both Studies 1&2 and in Study 3, the number of sushi practice trials predicted the habit strength of the cognitive association that was formed. That habit strength in turn predicted whether Ps would follow their intention to use the new ingredient or fall back on their old habit (those with strong habits fell back into their habits for the original sushi recipe). However, this mediation relationship was moderated by the instructions received –it was not significant for those who received deliberative instructions. As these models show, more repetitive—although not deliberative—practice yielded stronger habit associations, which in turn promoted habit slips of falling back on the original recipe.

Sources of habit persistence Ps with stronger habit associations slipped back into repeating the original recipe, controlling for whether or not their intentions shifted.

Summary What are the conditions under which habits form? Maintain behavior? More practice produced stronger habits… unless Ps were deliberative Deliberative mindset impeded habit formation Even with strong intentions to do something new, Ps fell back into their established habits Behavior maintenance via habits was explained by formation of strong cognitive associations (and maybe intention change)

Application to intervention Formation of healthy habits may be a key to maintenance of behavior change that lasts Keep people on track for their long-term goals despite temporary shifts in goals and willpower Use habits to your advantage – rather than a barrier to change, they can become an ally! Make sure the desired behavior can be performed easily without much thought in the moment – too much deliberation will impede habit formation

More info: jenlabrecque.com Thank you