The Tariff of "Abominations" & Nullification Crisis

NULLIFICATION CRISIS *Tariff of 1828 Signed by John Q. Adams before he left office. Supported by Northeast & middle states Protective tariff raised rates as high as 60% South upset - because they saw the US Govt. as favoring the North…southerners had to higher prices for things they did not produce…also reducing British revenue hurt cotton sales

Slave Rebellions 1822- Denmark Vesey- free black led rebellion in SC- UNSUCCESSFUL- but scared whites. 1831-Nat Turner Rebellion- most successful slave rebellion; 1807-US banned importation of slaves illegal Britain abolished slavery- international opposition to slave trade grows

Why the South Hated the Tariff Northeast was experiencing a booming economy The West was profiting from rising property values & population increases Southwest was expanding cotton growing The South had hard economic times. Tariff raised prices southerners paid for goods bought from Europe Tariff caused Europeans to raise tariffs

NULLIFICATION CRISIS President Jackson “Our federal Union, it must be Preserved” John C. Calhoun, former VP under Jackson “The Union, next to our liberty, most dear”

JACKSON VS CALHOUN John C. Calhoun, had resigned as VP because of the Eaton Affair and Tariff of 1828 The South calls it the “Tariff of Abominations” Calhoun secretly wrote —The South Carolina Exposition and Protest--- Advocated the “compact theory”, nullification, & right to secede for states Remember the origin of the idea?? “ an unchecked majority is despotism”- Calhoun

The Tariff of 1832 Meant to ease tensions Would reduce worst parts of 1828 Tariff Proposed to reduce tariff by 10% over 8 years. South Carolina legislature voted to nullify 1828 Tariff & 1832 Tariff & threatened to secede if nullification was not respected. **SC the only state to do this! ALONE

Jackson vetoed this bill THE BANK WAR Jackson believed that the Bank of the United States was unconstitutional In 1832, an election year, Henry Clay decided to challenge Jackson on the bank issue by persuading a majority in Congress to pass a bank re-charter bill earlier than necessary (1832). Jackson vetoed this bill Bank may go on until 1836 The Cartoon from the 1832 presidential cartoon depicts Jackson as a cat with “Veto” written on his tail clearing Uncle Sam’s barn of bank and clay rats

Destroyed the BUS in 1832 with the veto. KING ANDREW The Bank War inspired numerous cartoons. Opponents referred to him as King Andrew because used the veto more than any president to that time…..12 times Destroyed the BUS in 1832 with the veto. Picture shows President Jackson holding a veto in his left hand and scepter in his right. US Constitution is torn up and Jackson is standing on it… King Andrew

THE Election of 1832 The 1832 Election An overwhelming majority of voters approved of Jackson’s veto Jackson won reelection with more than ¾ of the electoral vote 1ST with a third party (Anti-Masonic) 1st used nominating conventions 1st with platforms The 1832 Election

Jackson also suggested that Congress lower the tariff JACKSON & the Force Bill 1833--Jackson persuaded Congress to pass a *The Force Bill giving the president authority to use military force to collect the tariff. Jackson issued a Proclamation to the People of SC stating that nullification and disunion were treason Jackson also suggested that Congress lower the tariff

The Nullification Crisis Ends JACKSON VS CALHOUN The Nullification Crisis Ends Compromise of 1833 Henry Clay proposed a compromise Tariffs were gradually lowered---to 25% over 10 years South Carolina dropped nullification but, nullified the Force Bill (on principle) South lost its dominance to North and West Jackson preserved the Union Southerners believed they were becoming a permanent minority

THE BANK WAR The Bank of the United States, although privately owned, received federal deposits and attempted to serve a public purpose by cushioning the ups and downs of the national economy

Opposition to the 2nd B.U.S. “Soft” (paper) $ “Hard” (specie) $ state bankers felt BUS restrained their banks from issuing bank notes freely. supported rapid economic growth & speculation. Westerners & southerners disliked it 2ND BUS minted gold & silver coins; the only safe currency. didn’t like any bank that issued bank notes. suspicious of expansion & speculation.

Nicholas Biddle- 2nd Bank of the U.S. President The National Bank Debate President Jackson Nicholas Biddle- 2nd Bank of the U.S. President

Jackson believed BUS was too powerful because it was privately owned. THE BANK WAR Biddle v Jackson Jackson believed BUS was too powerful because it was privately owned. Considered it unconstitutional regardless of Marshall’s McCulloch vs. Maryland The Bank War inspired numerous cartoons. The boxers are Nicholas Biddle and Andrew Jackson. The lady holding a bottle of port says, "Darken his daylights, Nick. Put the Screws to him my tulip!" Daniel Webster: "Blow me tight if Nick ain't been crammed too much. You see as how he's losing his wind!" Henry Clay: "Hurrah Nick my kiddy! Hit him a pelt in the smellers!" Martin Van Buren: "Go it Hickory, my old Duffer! give it to him in the bread basket, it will make him throw up his deposits!" Major Jack Downing (a mythical Jacksonian hero): "I swan if the Ginral hain't been taken lessons from Fuller!" The man standing next to the whiskey bottle: "Hurrah my old yallow flower of the forrest, walk into him like a streak of Greased lightning through a gooseberry bush!" Should be controlled more by government and the people because it was corrupt. Nicholas Biddle- President of the BUS, Henry Clay and Daniel Webster supported the BUS

THE BANK WAR Jackson killed the Bank: Removed federal deposits A triumphant Jackson holds his order to remove government deposits from the bank as the bank crumbles and a host of demonic characters scurry from its ruins. Jackson killed the Bank: Removed federal deposits Placed FEDERAL deposits in “pet banks” The Bank War inspired numerous cartoons. The boxers are Nicholas Biddle and Andrew Jackson. The lady holding a bottle of port says, "Darken his daylights, Nick. Put the Screws to him my tulip!" Daniel Webster: "Blow me tight if Nick ain't been crammed too much. You see as how he's losing his wind!" Henry Clay: "Hurrah Nick my kiddy! Hit him a pelt in the smellers!" Martin Van Buren: "Go it Hickory, my old Duffer! give it to him in the bread basket, it will make him throw up his deposits!" Major Jack Downing (a mythical Jacksonian hero): "I swan if the Ginral hain't been taken lessons from Fuller!" The man standing next to the whiskey bottle: "Hurrah my old yallow flower of the forrest, walk into him like a streak of Greased lightning through a gooseberry bush!"

The “Monster” Is Destroyed! “pet banks” or wildcat banks- pro-Jackson STATE OWNED & western banks Effects: Destabilizes the U.S. economy Contributed to Panic of 1837 (Van Buren-President) Inflation in the economy rampant; “shady banks”

*The Specie Circular (1936) “pet banks” –issued lots of paper money= money lost its value (inflation) BUS absent= cycles of boom & bust Jackson attempted to help the economy by issuing the *Species Circular. a decree that required all public land to be purchased with “hard” metallic money= land boom died quickly= economic Panic of 1837

Jackson's Native-American Policy

American Policy & the Indians Since 1790’s – obtain land from Native Americans through treaties. Indian & white relationships varied Assimilation- Society for Propagating the Gospel Among Indians (1787). Some tribes adopted white ways- Cherokee (own alphabet- Sequoyah, press, constitution, government with 3 branches, farmers) Five Civilized Tribes (Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, & Seminole) Georgia- revoked Indians right to rule themselves- Supreme Court sided with Cherokee (3 times)

Jackson Indian Policy “soft” spot for Indians-moving them to save them-Jackson had adopted an Indian! Most Americans favored moving them to the west (Oklahoma-appointed “Indian Territory”) 1830-** Indian Removal Act –Congress set aside money to remove all eastern Indians (Bureau of Indian Affairs to oversee effort)

Jackson Policy trail 3 In 1829, Andrew Jackson reflected on the condition of the Indians, and on Indian-white relations. Jackson’s Indian Removal Act 1831. “Our conduct toward these people is deeply interesting to our national character….Our ancestors found them the uncontrolled possessors of these vast regions. By persuasion and force they have been made to retire from river to river and from mountain to mountain, until some of the tribes have become extinct and others have left but remnants to preserve for awhile their once terrible names.

TRAIL OF TEARS trail 3 Surrounded by the whites with their arts of civilization, which by destroying the resources of the savage doom him to weakness and decay, the fate of the Mohegan, Narragansett, and the Delaware is fast overtaking the Choctaw, the Cherokee, and the Creek. That this fate surely awaits them if they remain within the limits of the States does not admit of a doubt. Humanity and national honor demand that every effort should be made to avert such a calamity.

Indians Push Back 1830’s Blackhawk Indian Wars- Sauk & Fox Tribes (Ill. & Wisconsin) Seminoles led by Chief Osceola; chief captured but, tribe members escape to everglades.

**Worcester v. Georgia (1832): John Marshall 3RD CASE IN FAVOR OF INDIANS Established tribal autonomy (self-governing state, community, or group within their boundaries), The tribes were “distinct political communities, having territorial boundaries within which their authority is exclusive (private).” The Court ruled that the laws of Georgia had not force within the territorial boundaries of the Cherokee Nation. Jackson’s reply: “Marshall has made his decision, now let HIM enforce it”.

4,000 Indians died along the way TRAIL OF TEARS 1838 TO 1839 trail 1 US Army forcibly removed last of eastern Indians to Indian Territory (Oklahoma) 4,000 Indians died along the way 116 day journey in winter Carried out under Presidency of Martin Van Buren (total process 10 years; 100,000 displaced) we have preaching or prayer meeting every night while on the march, and you may well imagine that under the peculiar circumstances of the case, among those sublime mountains and in the deep forest with the thunder often roaring in the distance, that nothing could be more solemn and impressive. And I always looked on with awe, lest their prayers which I felt... ascending to Heaven and calling for justice to Him who alone can & will grant it... [might] fall upon my guilty head as one of the instruments of oppression. Lt. L.B. Webster

Trial of tears

Texans and Independence

Texas Americans wanted more land-esp. the South! 1821- Mexico gained independence from Spain– opens territory for colonization Conditions- adopt Catholic religion, Mexican citizenship, no slavery allowed 1823- Stephen Austin- granted huge tract of land by Mexican government if he led more to the area—30,000 by 1835! 1830- Mexico-freed all slaves!

Americans “Gone to Texas” Davy Crockett—American frontiersman & Congressman Jim Bowie—American outdoorsman; inventor of the “Bowie Knife” Sam Houston- Ex-governor of Tenn.; Issues develop between American settlers & Mexican government.

Santa Anna & Conflict Santa Anna- became dictator of Mexico- declares no more American immigrants can enter or slaves. 1833- Stephen Austin went to Mexico to speak about problems- thrown in jail for 8 months. 1835- Santa Anna initiates martial law in Texas

Texas Revolution 1836 Texas declares its independence (Sam Houston-Commander) *Battles of Alamo & Goliad– show American spirit & Mexican cruelty. *Battle of San Jacinto- Sam Houston & Texans capture Santa Anna; forced to sign document saying Texas is independent. Texas sets southern boundary at Rio Grande River Sam Houston chosen president of Texas Republic Most Texans want to be annexed into US Northerners won’t allow annexation!! Jackson- recognizes Texas as a Republic on last day in office-NOT a STATE!

Photo of Andrew Jackson in 1844 (one year before his death) 1767 - 1845

The Presidency of Martin Van Buren

1st pres. Born under US flag The 1836 Election Results Martin Van Buren 1st pres. Born under US flag New Yorker “Jackson’s boy”

The Presidency of Martin Van Buren V.P. Martin Van Buren elected president in 1836 Panic of 1837 Causes: Jackson’s war against the US Bank;land speculation, species circular, wheat crop failure, failure of 2 British banks Blamed on the Democrats “Van Ruin’s” Depression “Divorce Bill” separating the bank from the government and storing money in some of the vaults of the larger American cities, thus keeping the money safe but, also unavailable. Advocated the independent treasury, and in 1840, it was passed. Trail of Tears– 1838-39

Election of 1840 “Log Cabin and Hard Cider” William Henry Harrison (Whig) “Tippecanoe and Tyler too” “Van! Van! Is a Used-up Man! The Whigs’ Triumph 1ST “modern election”- 75% voter turnout, return of two party system, rise of common man.

Election of 1840 1840 Election Prediction

Harrison Presidency Harrison died one month after election VP John Tyler become president—1st VP to ascend this way!—”His Ascendency”.

JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY The Two Party System JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY Grew out of the rich soil of Jeffersonian republicanism JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY Political world changed during the New Democracy. Two new political parties emerge WHIGS Groups alienated by Jackson’s policies: Clay- Webster, state’s righter's, northern industrialists favored: internal improvements, public schools, prisons, market economy Tried to take the mantle: party of the common man DEMOCRATS Believed in federal restrain in economic and social affairs. Liberty of the individual and were fiercely on guard against the inroads of privilege into the government. Pro-slavery Protected the common man….

END CHAPTER 13

Trial of tears GROWTH OF SLAVERY

Trial of tears GROWTH OF SLAVERY

Trial of tears GROWTH OF SLAVERY