Texas FRONTIER

Frontier 1861 – Most Natives removed from east Texas West Texas still held Federal troops withdrawn at secession Settlements attacked – left unprotected Many settlers move east; easy targets to raids

Unrest Army returns to Texas after Civil War Raids hard to stop Few troops in Texas forts; many miles apart Forts short of supplies; delay of campaigns against Natives Soldiers weapons not as effective as bow and arrow

EFFORTS FOR PEACE Treaty of Medicine Lodge Creek 1867 – U.S. government met with Native Americans in Kansas 3 treaties signed – 1.Kiowa and Comanche 2. Arapaho and Cheyenne 3. Plains Apache Natives not hinder railroad construction Natives give up claims to Plains lands Natives move to reservations in Oklahoma (Indian Territory)

Failures Conflict continued Treaty failed – neither side committed Reservations – controlled by U.S. agents Supposed to provide food, money and supplies Agents corrupt – sold or stole from supplies New approach sought by President Grant

New policy Grant puts church in charge – Quakers Believed in pacifism – non-violence Lawrie Tatum, a Quaker – federal agent in Indian Territory for the Kiowa and Comanche Taught Natives to farm

opposition Many Native leaders did not agree to treaty Example: Kiowa band led by Lone Wolf did not feel bound to treaty – he did not sign it Quanah Parker – Comanche leader Refused to move to reservation Resisted Anglo settlement Satanta – signed treaty but didn’t live on reservation Opposed westward expansion Known as Orator of the Plains

Treaty failed Neither side lives up to treaty Many raid settlements outside protection of U.S. forts U.S. government did little to support Natives Reservations raided by soldiers Supplies not delivered Hunger, disease Peace gave way to conflict