Information Systems - Basics of Information BASIC SYSTEM CONCEPTS www.itlecturenotes.com
Information Systems - Basics of Information INTRODUCTION The Word system finds place in our day to day language and life. We often talk about political system, police system, reservation system, transportation system, educational system etc. We are surrounded by various types of systems; human body is perfect blend of many systems operating inside it. Elements of a System The term “system” has been derived from the Greek word “Systema” which means organized relationship among functional units or components. www.itlecturenotes.com INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT www.itlecturenotes.com
SUBSYSTEM, SUPER SYSTEM, SUPRA SYSTEM Information Systems - Basics of Information SUBSYSTEM, SUPER SYSTEM, SUPRA SYSTEM Sub system is an integrated set of components or subsystems or to put differently, various sub systems when combined together form a system Supra system is a large system made up of two or more smaller systems. Super system is higher in the hierarchy as compared to its subsystems. www.itlecturenotes.com www.itlecturenotes.com
www.itlecturenotes.com DECOMPOSITION The process of dividing the system into smaller systems is called decomposition. Features: Decomposition simplifies the complications involved in the system study. Decomposition allows easy and efficient handling of all the procedures. Analyzing, designing, testing and maintenance modules can be carried out easily. www.itlecturenotes.com
www.itlecturenotes.com SIMPLIFICATION Simplification is the process of organizing subsystems so as to reduce the number of interconnections. Clustering: When number of subsystems are grouped together to form a cluster and interaction takes place between the clusters instead of individual subsystems, interfaces are reduced. Decoupling: when systems are highly dependent or coupled, the inefficiencies of one may affect the performance of the other. Decoupling loosens the connections between tightly coupled systems so that these systems can operate independently to some extent. www.itlecturenotes.com
Information Systems - Basics of Information COMPONENTS OF A SYSTEM Input: Input may be viewed as start-up components with which the system initiates. Input involves capturing and assembling components or the elements that enter the system for processing e.g. materials and human resources for a manufacturing unit. A Complete model of a system www.itlecturenotes.com Boundary Environment INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT Feedback & Control www.itlecturenotes.com
www.itlecturenotes.com COMPONENTS OF A SYSTEM Process: Process is the transformation activity which converts input into specific output. Processing may consist of a sequence of operations; also called procedures. Output: Output involves the end result or final thing of the process– generating the ultimate product. Feedback: To keep a check on the performance of a system, feedback is there, which provides information on the deviation between output and prescribed standards. Control: Detects negative feedbacks by adapting methods. Measures the size, magnitude, and direction of the deviation. Compares the results against the standards set. Transmits control signals to initiate corrective actions. www.itlecturenotes.com
Information Systems - Basics of Information COMPONENTS OF A SYSTEM Environment: The environment is the supra system within which an organization operates. Environment determines the factors for the smooth working of the system. Environment, in simple words means the external factors like government agencies, Suppliers, customers, competition etc. Boundary and Interfaces: Boundaries put limits that identify the components of the system, various processes of the system and its interfaces. The boundary of the system may exist either physically or conceptually. A system exists inside the boundaries while environment is outside its boundary. www.itlecturenotes.com www.itlecturenotes.com
CHARACTERISTICS / FEATURES OF SYSTEM Information Systems - Basics of Information CHARACTERISTICS / FEATURES OF SYSTEM Organization: Organization is the systematic arrangement of group of components that helps to achieve its objectives. Interaction: Interaction refers to the manner in which each component functions with other components of the system. E.g. purchasing department must interact with production; advertising department must interact with sales department. Interdependence: It means that all the parts of the organization or the system depend upon one another. Integration: Integration is basically concerned about how the subsystems of the system work together even though each is performing a unique function. www.itlecturenotes.com www.itlecturenotes.com
CLASSIFICATION/TYPES OF SYSTEMS Information Systems - Basics of Information CLASSIFICATION/TYPES OF SYSTEMS Open and Closed System Adaptive and Non adaptive Permanent and Temporary System Conceptual and Empirical Systems Deterministic and Probabilistic System Stationary and Non stationary system Natural and Manufactured (Man- Made) Sub System and Super system Formal and Informal System Static and Dynamic Systems www.itlecturenotes.com www.itlecturenotes.com
www.itlecturenotes.com SOME COMMONLY USED SYSTEMS BANKING SYSTEMS PAYMENT SYSTEMS DATABASE SYSTEMS RESERVATION SYSTEMS LIBRARY SYSTEM INDUSTRY ROBOT SYSTEMS MEDICAL SYSTEMS WEATHER FORECAST SYSTEM www.itlecturenotes.com
SOME COMMONLY USED SYSTEMS Information Systems - Basics of Information SOME COMMONLY USED SYSTEMS BANKING SYSTEMS: Internet banking system is an innovative solution designed to provide bank customers with a secure 24/7 access to their deposits? Cards, as well as the loan products. In addition, Internet Banking allows for convenient and safe banking transactions over the internet. PAYMENT SYSTEMS: There are different techniques through which we can make a payment. These are: Electronic Fund Transfer: Upon receiving the request, the computer system automatically transfers the specified amount from one account to another. Transfer instructions can come from other banks or from businesses. Using ATMS: ATMs can be used for a range of banking services like withdrawing cash, depositing money, checking the balance of accounts, Transferring money between accounts. www.itlecturenotes.com www.itlecturenotes.com
SOME COMMONLY USED SYSTEMS DATABASE SYSTEMS: Database technology plays an important role in business, education, law, medicine etc. A Database Management System (DBMS) is a collection of programs that enable users to create, add, update and maintain database with controlled access. RESERVATION SYSTEMS: Computers are often used to book or reserve air/ railway tickets, seats in the cinema, rooms in a hotel and/or tables in a restaurant. MEDICAL SYSTEMS: Computer systems are used in very different ways; these assist the doctors in surgeries. Computerized monitors are used to monitor the patients’ Pulse Rate, Temperature, Breathing rate, Blood oxygen levels, Blood pressure etc. www.itlecturenotes.com
SOME COMMONLY USED SYSTEMS LIBRARY SYSTEMS: Libraries often contain many thousands and sometimes lacks of books, magazines, CDs, DVDs etc. Libraries use computer-based systems to keep the record of their books, and of the borrowers. Every book has a barcode which facilitates the quick data entry and access. INDUSTRY ROBOT SYSTEMS: Computer aided designing and computer aided manufacturing has revolutionized the way products are designed and made. These days’ factories are full of robots; almost all dangerous and tedious tasks are done by robots. Few engineers are given the task of keeping the robots and other machinery running smoothly. Robots used in factories are called industrial robots. WEATHER FORECAST SYSTEMS: The Weather Forecast System provides the detailed, quantitative weather information up to 48-hour period at 3-hour interval. www.itlecturenotes.com
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