INTRODUCTION I. General Biology A. Definition B. History of Biology 1. Microscope Development a. Z. Janssen, 1595 first light microscope b. Galileo Galilei, 1609 focusing device c. R. Hooke, 1665 coined “Cellulae” d. A. van Leeuwenhoek , 1672 “Homunculus” and “Animalcules”

2. Basis of the Cell Theory a. R. Dutrochet, 1824 plants made of cells b. R. Brown, 1824 The nucleus & Brownian Motion c. M. Schleiden & T. Schwann, 1839 Cell Theory i. The cell is the basic unit in living organisms. ii. The cell is the building block of organisms. d. J. Purkinji, 1840’s coined the term protoplasm e. R. Virchow (L. Pasteur), 1859 “Spontaneous Generation” iii. Cells arise from preexisting cells.

3. Cellular Control a. K. von Nageli, 1846 plant cells derived from direct division of maternal cells b. E. Strausburger & W. Fleming, 1840’s directions for growth and division of cells contained in the nucleus c. G. Mendel, 1860’s proposed a hereditary molecule was responsible for expression of traits in an organism d. F. Meischer, 1871 proposed nuclein material of nucleic acids e. R. Altmann, 1889 purified nucleic acids into purine (A & G) and pyrimidine (T & C) bases DNA in all cells, while RNA variable f. J. Watson & F. Crick, 1953 summarized research and built the first model of DNA

II. Characteristics of Life A. Highly Organized from smallest structure (an atom) to the largest (the biosphere) Biosphere  Atoms Figure 1.2 B. Transform Energy Bioenergetics the science of energy flow Figure 1.4

C. Reproduce D. Grow & Develop Cloning vs. Variation in Nature Stages and Accomplishments

E. Irritable & Adaptable Daily Adjustments vs. Population Changes F. Practice Homeostasis Balanced against Change

i. Negative Mechanisms vs. ii. Positive Mechanisms

III. Types of Cells A. Size Limits Surface Area (increase by square root) vs. Volume (increase by cubed root) Dilemma Figure 4.2A Figure 4.1E

B. Prokaryotes 2. Characteristics 1. Size Limits Figure 6.2 Figure 4.3

C. Eukaryotes 2. Characteristics 1. Size Limits Figure 4.4A Figure 4.1E Figure 4.4B

D. Viruses (Are these living?) 1. Characteristics The parts == protein (capsid, landing gear, and injector) surrounding a nucleic acid core (genome = can be DNA or RNA)

2. “Life” Strategies a. Lytic b. Lysogenic Figure 10.17 Figure 10.17

IV. Cellular Differentiation A. Forces (to change DNA) B. Mechanisms (ways to change DNA) V. Organism Classification A. Definitions b. Taxa D, K, P, C, O, F, G, & S Taxonomy & Phylogeny Figure 1.6 B. Schemes a. Trophic Levels Figure 1.4