November 5, 2015 Bell Work: What happens during the first stage of photosynthesis? Objective: The student will be able to… Describe the process of cellular respiration in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions with 75% accuracy.

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Stage 2: Conversion of Light Energy Excited electrons that leave the chlorophyll are used to make new molecules ATP NADPH

Stage 2: Conversion of Light Energy Electron Transport Chain (Type 1) Lies between two clusters of green pigment molecules A protein acts as a membrane pump Excited electrons lose some energy as they pass through the protein Energy is used to pump H+ into the thylakoid

Stage 2: Conversion of Light Energy Electron Transport Chain (Type 1) As the process continues, H+ becomes more concentrated in the thylakoid Creates a concentration gradient Hydrogen ions then diffuse back out of the thylakoid down their concentration gradient Use a specialized carrier protein Unusual because they act as an enzyme and an ion channel

Stage 2: Conversion of Light Energy Electron Transport Chain (Type 1) As hydrogen ions pass through the cannel portion of the protein, it catalyzes a reaction A phosphate group is added to a molecule of ADP producing ATP Movement of hydrogen ions provides the energy to produce ATP which is used in the third stage of photosynthesis.

Stage 2: Conversion of Light Energy Electron Transport Chain (Type 2) Makes NADPH Electron carrier that provides the high energy electrons needed to make carbon- hydrogen bonds in the third stage of photosynthesis. Electrons combine with hydrogen ions and an electron acceptor called NADP+ Forms NADPH

Electron Transport Chain

Stage 3: Storage of Energy Carbon atoms from carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are used to make organic compounds in which chemical energy is stored. Called carbon dioxide fixation Referred to as “dark reactions” or “light-independent reactions”

Stage 3: Storage of Energy Calvin Cycle Most common method of carbon dioxide fixation Series of enzyme assisted chemical reactions that produces a three- carbon sugar

Stage 3: Storage of Energy Calvin Cycle Each molecule of carbon dioxide (CO2) is added to a five- carbon compound by an enzyme The resulting six-carbon compound splits into two three- carbon compounds. Phosphate groups from ATP and NADPH are added to the three-carbon compounds, forming three-carbon sugars.

Stage 3: Storage of Energy Calvin Cycle 3. One of the resulting three-carbon sugars is used to make organic compounds in which energy is stored for later use by the organism. Starch Sucrose 4. The other three-carbon sugars are used to regenerate the initial five-carbon compound Completing the cycle

Factors that Affect Photosynthesis Light Photosynthesis increases as light intensity increases until all of the pigments are used Carbon Dioxide Concentration Temperature

What are five new things you have learned about photosynthesis from this video? Crash Course

3: Stages of Photosynthesis 2: Types of energy carrying molecules produced 1: Cycle that creates organic molecules 3-2-1

Cellular Respiration

Cellular Energy Cellular Respiration Metabolic Processes The process by which cells produce energy from carbohydrates; atmospheric oxygen combines with glucose to form water and carbon dioxide Metabolic Processes Aerobic: metabolic process that require oxygen Anaerobic: metabolic process that does not require oxygen

C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP) Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP)

Check for Understanding What is cellular respiration?

Cellular Respiration Glucose is converted to pyruvate producing a small amount of ATP and NADH When oxygen is present, pyruvate and NADH are used to make a large amount of ATP Called aeorobic respiration Occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells Occurs in the cell membrane of prokaryotic cells 2. When oxygen is not present, pyruvate is converted into lactate or ethanol

Stage One: Breakdown of Glucose Glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm during glycolysis Glycolysis is an enzyme assisted anaerobic process that breaks down one six-carbon molecule of glucose to two three-carbon pyruvate ions.

Glycolysis In a series of three reactions, phosphate groups from two ATP molecules are transferred to a glucose molecule In two reactions, the resulting six-carbon compound is broken down to two three-carbon compounds, each with a phosphate group. Two NADH molecules are produced, and one more phosphate group is transferred to each three-carbon compound. In a series of four reactions, each three-carbon compound is converted to a three carbon pyruvate, producing four ATP molecules in the process.

Check for Understanding What is ATP?

Stage 2: Production of ATP When oxygen is present Pyruvate enters a mitochondrion and is converted to a two-carbon compound Produces one carbon dioxide molecule, one NADH molecule, and one two-carbon acetyl group Two-carbon acetyl group is attached to a molecule called coenzyme A (CoA) forming acetyl-CoA

Krebs Cycle Acetyl-CoA combines with a four-carbon compound, forming a six-carbon compound and releasing coenzyme A CO2 is released from the six-carbon compound, forming a five-carbon compound, Electrons are transferred to NAD+ making a molecule of NADH CO2 is released from the five-carbon compound resulting in a four-carbon compound. A molecule of ATP and NADH is produced.

Krebs Cycle 4. The existing four-carbon compound is converted to a new four- carbon compound. Electrons are transferred to an electron acceptor call FAD, making a molecule of FADH2 FADH2 is another type of electron carrier 5. The new four-carbon compound is the converted to the four- carbon compound that began the cycle. Another molecule of NADH is produced. Completing the cycle

Krebs Cycle After the cycle, NADH and FADH2 contain much of the energy that was previously stored in glucose and pyruvate

Stage 2: Production of ATP In aerobic respiration, electrons donated by NADH and FADH2 pass through an electron transport chain Located in the inner membranes of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells. Energy is used to pump H+ out of the inner mitochondrial compartment As H+ accumulate in the outer mitochondrial compartment they create a concentration gradient

Stage 2: Production of ATP H+ diffuses back into the inner compartment through a carrier protein that adds a phosphate group to ADP, producing ATP. At the end of the electron transport chain, hydrogen ions and spent electrons combine with molecule of O2 forming H2O

Check for Understanding What is the Krebs Cycle?

Stage 2: Production of ATP Respiration in the absence of oxygen Electron transport chain does not function because oxygen is not available to serve as the final electron acceptor. NAD+ is recycled in another way

Stage 2: Production of ATP Electrons carried by NADH are transferred to pyruvate produced during glycolysis Called fermentation Two important types of fermentation Lactic acid fermentation Alcoholic fermentation

Lactic Acid Fermentation A three-carbon pyruvate is converted to a three-carbon lactate Lactate is the ion of an organic acid called lactic acid

Alcoholic Fermentation The three-carbon pyruvate is broken down to ethanol (ethyl alcohol), a two-carbon compound CO2 is released during the process Step 1: Pyruvate is converted to a two-carbon compound, releasing CO2 Step 2: Electrons are transferred from a molecule of NADH to the two-carbon compound producing ethanol

Check for Understanding What is fermentation? What are the two types of fermentation?

Production of ATP Total amount of ATP that a cell is able to harvest from each glucose molecule depends on the presence or absence of oxygen. Cells use energy most efficiently when oxygen is present 2 molecules of ATP are produced in glycolysis As many as 34 molecules of ATP can be produced by the Krebs cycle.

Check for Understanding What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic processes?

Ticket Out What is the chemical formula for cellular respiration?