COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS

Intermediate Sanctions Between probation and prison Carried out in community Rehabilitate, while preserving community safety Goal of re-entry? Most admissions into prison are parole violators More time spent in prison, less likely to succeed Post-release strategies – almost no policy attention

Obstacles Unprepared communities Communities have problems already Higher caseloads and workloads of POs Citizen objection – NIMBY Other objectors – law enforcement, victims

Implications of Failure Child abuse Family violence Spread of infectious diseases Homelessness Community disorganization/quality of life Weakened effect of positive community attributes and role models Possible gang activitity

Types: IPS Smaller caseloads for POs More emphasis on offender compliance Began in 1950s Implemented in every state and federal system

Types: Split Sentences Incarceration followed by probation option Shock value of incarceration (offender expecting probation only) Institutionalization should deter, but not long enough for socialization and its adverse effects to occur

Types: Shock Probation Brief incarceration, then eligible for parole Offenders’ fate in hands of state DOC or parole board Usually a 90-day trial release, followed by full release

Types: Bootcamps Military style Discipline training Physical Educational component Designed for non-violent, youth offenders Common in 1980s Many people do not finish and go back to prison Voluntary participation; opportunity for early parole Relatively brief (~6 months)

Types: Home Confinement- Electronic Monitoring Order to remain in residence Schedules worked out to accommodate work, appointments, treatment, etc. Purpose must be court-authorized Electronic monitoring facilitates compliance Adopted by all 50 states and federal system

Types: Work Release 1975 – authorized by all states and federal system (existed long before this, though) Obstacles to employment Public opposition Lack of knowledge Lack of documents Some legal protection against discrimination Facilitative strategies Resume building Job fairs in prison Partnerships with businesses

Types: Educational Release Offenders attend classes and return to institution Inmates must have means to support themselves and pay for schooling

Types: Halfway Houses Transition facilities between prison and community Opened in 1800s; common in 1950s Gradual transition – completely controlled environment to partially controlled to community (minimal or no control) 6 to 30 inmates in minimum security facility Inmates who leave may go back to prison Have curfews, treatment programs Opposition - NIMBY

Types: Day Reporting Centers Offenders live at home and report to supervision centers daily Can be a sentence or part of release Daily schedules account for inmates’ time Not widely used

Drug Courts See p. 218 of book for components and processing details All states use some form of drug courts Adopted in tribunal courts in 1997 Use intermediate sanctions, IPS, community- based treatment Goals Offender sobriety Compel participation in treatment program while being monitored

Drug Courts Continued Requirements (vary) GED Maintain employment Be current in financial obligations Community sponsor Community service hours Have to accept and be accepted