US Foreign Policy to Central and South America after 1902

# 26 Theodore Roosevelt 1901-1909 R Secretly blind in one eye While boxing in the White House with heavyweight John Sullivan, Roosevelt received a blow to his face that left him blind in his left eye. Called the executive mansion “The White House” His typical breakfast included giant mugs of coffee and 12 eggs First president to… ride in an automobile, an airplane, a submarine, travel outside the US while in office, to invite an African American to a White House dinner, and to have Secret Service protection Wore a ring that contained a lock of Lincoln’s hair Gave judo demonstrations at official White House functions “Teddy Bear” named after him

Panama Canal Nov. 1903, U.S. supported a revolt in Panama, wins, declares it the Republic of Panama Nov. 6, 1903. In return, Panama signed the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty that gave the U.S. a permanent grant of land to build a canal; Panamanians received $10 million.

Discussions about a canal Motivations: economic, political, military (Navy only) In 1901 President Roosevelt pushed to buy French canal zone capital for $40 million Then the revolt In 1904, US surveys a 50 mile stretch across Panama isthmus

Canal talk turned into action Sea-level canal vs. lock canal Antagonists: yellow fever & malaria Dr. William Gorkas fumigates island and water = almost 100% success Lock canal work proceeds

Panama Canal Developments 2 steps forward, 1 step back Chief Engineer Stevens = resigns Chief Engineer Goethals squashing strike Culebra Cut = landslides + dynamite explosions = deaths Opens Aug. 14, 1915, cost >$350 million

Panama Canal Bolstered by Madden Dam in 1935 European, East/West Coast America, Carribbean, South America, and the Far East trade routes expand globally Given back to Panama in 1999, 1 of 7 modern Wonders of the World

Foreign Policy “Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far” Central point: The U.S. government would intervene to prevent invasion from other powers. Caused a lot of U.S. interventions in Latin America To keep an open door trading policy with China he mediated a peace agreement between China, Russia and Japan. This won him a Nobel Peace Prize.

Foreign Policy Troubles Colombia’s sovereignty in central America Panama revolt helpful for US interests After the revolt, Colombia backs down, US moves in Hay-Bunau-Villa treaty in 1903 gives US clout with Central American countries In 1921, US pays Colombia $25 million in remorse for canal

Treaty of Reciprocity 1903 Signed by Cuban president, T. Estrada Palma, and US president, Teddy Roosevelt, in February 1903 Ends conflict between the US and Cuba Establishes footholds, like Guantanamo, for the US military to use What does this mean? Cuban maintains sovereignty of most of the island, US granted sovereignty of specific land portions Enables the US to protect and enforce militarily with the US Navy

The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1904 “Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power” – Teddy Roosevelt to Congress at the State of the Union Address

Trouble with Nicaragua & Honduras 1909 President Taft introduces “Dollar Diplomacy”-turning point 1911 Central American countries were facing economic difficulties The US was prospering economically President Taft intervenes into Nicaragua’s situation with military force (US Marines) Taft historically leaned towards commerce as the means to resolve international issues 1912 United Fruit Company begins operating in Honduras- lends way to greater economic success between countries

Questions: What is on the bill of fare, or menu, in this restaurant Questions: What is on the bill of fare, or menu, in this restaurant? Which president does the waiter resemble? What seems to be Uncle Sam’s attitude toward the offerings on the menu? Cuba Steak? Puerto Rico Pig?

Making a connnection Reference timeline handout with students Create living graph using the timeline

Trust Busting America factories producing 1/3 of world’s goods Conflict between workers and factory owners Hazards Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 Corruption of businesses, problems with rates etc. Interstate Commerce Commission, Federal Reserve System, Federal Trade Commission Ultimate goal= regulation not destruction

Conservation a. conserve nature for recreational use b. created US Forrest Service c. set aside 194 million acres for national parks and nature preserves

Shot in Chest Oct 14, 1912 Saloonkeeper John Schrank – assassination FAIL Shot Roosevelt before a speech The bullet passed through a steel eyeglass case and a 50 page speech he was carrying in his pocket Roosevelt delivered his speech anyway with blood seeping into his shirt Started his speech with, “Ladies and gentleman, I don’t know whether you fully understand that I have just been shot; but it takes more than that to kill a Bull Moose” Doctors thought it unsafe to remove the bullet, so it stayed there the rest of his life.

Teddy Roosevelt Problem Solution … …

Distance and time to travel between the Atlantic and Pacific. Problem Solution Building projects and public use had threatened and caused loss to the American landscape. Distance and time to travel between the Atlantic and Pacific. European countries demanded Latin American countries pay their debts. Large industrial combinations threatened to restrict trade in America. Roosevelt signed into law the National Reclamation Act to irrigate the West. Also sets aside 194 million acres to National Parks preservation Roosevelt helps Panama gain independence and begin constructing the Panama Canal. Roosevelt “corollary” to Monroe Doctrine states the US will intervene and act as policing force for Latin American countries. Roosevelt brings suit against large combinations