Minerals S6E5. Students will investigate the scientific view of how the earth’s surface is formed. B. Investigate the contribution of minerals to rock composition.

Chapter 3 Vocab to Know Mineral Element Compound Crystal Silicate mineral Nonsilicate mineral Luster Streak Cleavage Fracture Hardness Density

EQ: What is a Mineral? A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid made up of elements with a definite crystalline structure.

Inorganic Inorganic means never living Mineral examples include: Diamond, Silver, Talc, Ice, Topaz, and many others Ice Silver Diamond Talc Topaz

Mineral Structure page 66 Elements are pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means. All minerals contain one or more of the 92 naturally occurring elements.

Atoms & Compounds An Atom is the smallest part of an element that has all the properties of that element. A compound is a substance made of 2 or more elements that have been chemically joined or bonded. A mineral composed of only 1 element is a Native Element.

Types of Minerals: There are 2 types of minerals. Silicates contain both silicon and oxygen and one or more metals Non-Silicates do not contain both silicon and oxygen. There are 6 types of Non-Silicates.

Non-Silicates Halides- salts Native Elements- made of only one element (gold, silver, etc.) Sulfides- contain elements that combine with sulfur Sulfates- contain sulfur and oxygen Oxides- contain a metal and oxygen Carbonates- contain both carbon and oxygen

Crystals Crystals are solid, geometric forms of minerals produced by a repeating pattern of atoms or molecules that is present throughout the mineral. Determined by the arrangement of atoms or molecules All minerals have a definite crystalline structure! All minerals can be grouped into crystal classes

Properties of Minerals: There are several properties of minerals, but 7 main categories. Luster Streak Hardness Color Cleavage/fracture Density Crystalline structure

Luster page 70 Luster is the way a mineral reflects light Metallic or non-metallic Shiny or dull Earthy, waxy, pearly, or glassy

Streak page 71 Streak is the color of the powder Considered more reliable than color because the streak is not always the same color as the mineral Example: Pyrite has a gold color but a greenish black streak

Hardness page 72 The measure of how easily a mineral can be scratched is it’s hardness. Mohs Scale: the scale from 1-10 to determine a mineral’s hardness. Talc is a 1 and is the softest mineral. Diamond is a 10 and is the hardest mineral. Developed by Friedrich Mohs Determined by the atomic structure of the mineral

Color page 70 The color of light reflected is the color of the mineral. Impurities and weathering can change a mineral’s color. Not very useful in identifying minerals. Can be due to minerals coming in various colors. Example: Quartz

Density page 72 Density is the ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume of the substance. The weight of a specific mineral. Certain minerals contain a specific density regardless of their size. Write the formula for density here: Density= mass divided by volume

Cleavage/Fracture page 71 Cleavage & Fracture is the way a mineral breaks apart. If a mineral splits easily along a flat surface, the mineral has cleavage. If a mineral breaks in random or irregular patterns, it has fracture. Fracturing of a mineral often crumbles into pieces.

Crystalline Structure page 67 Amorphous-without structure Crystalline- regular, repeating patterns 6 crystal groups based on number and angles of the faces

Special Mineral Properties: page 73 Magnetic-Magnetite & Pyrrhotite Fluorescent-Calcite & Fluorite (they glow under UV light) Distinct taste-Halite (tastes salty) Radioactive-minerals that contain Radium or Uranium (detected by the Geiger counter) Chemical Reaction- Calcite (bubbles/fizzes)

Gemstones: Very valuable Due to their beauty and rarity Important Gemstones: Diamond, Ruby, Sapphire, Topaz, Opal, Emerald, Aquamarine