PARADIGMS OF RESEARCH Dr Ayaz Afsar

STRUCTURE OF THE LECTURE The search for truth Two conceptions of social reality Positivism The assumptions, nature and tools of science The scientific method Criticisms of positivism and the scientific method Naturalistic approaches Normative and interpretive paradigms Phenomenology, ethnomethodology, symbolic interactionism Criticisms of naturalistic and interpretive approaches Mixed methods research Post-positivism, post modernism and post-structuralism Complexity theory

PARADIGMS OF SOCIAL RESEARCH POSITIVIST INTERPRETIVE MIXED METHODS POST- POSITIVIST POST- STRUCTURALIST POST-MODERNIST COMPLEXITY THEORY

QUANTIFICATION, LARGE SCALE POSITIVISM (MACRO) NATURAL SCIENCE BASIS GENERALIZATION OBJECTIVITY PREDICTION CAUSALITY NOMOTHETIC, LAWS CONTROL, MANIPULATION QUANTIFICATION, LARGE SCALE

POSITIVIST DESIGN IDENTIFY TOPIC REVIEW PREVIOUS LITERATURE LOOK FOR ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATIONS FORMULATE HYPOTHESIS DESIGN RESEARCH START PROCESS AGAIN COLLECT DATA NO ANALYZE DATA REPORT FINDINGS YES

POSITIVIST METHODS EXPERIMENTS SURVEYS TESTS

INTERPRETIVE PARADIGM (MICRO) NATURALISTIC UNDERSTANDING/ INTERPRETATION SUBJECTIVITY, INTENTIONALITY INTERPRETATION AGENCY IDIOGRAPHIC FLUIDITY, CHANGE CONTEXT-BOUND MULTIPLE PERSPECTIVES SPECIFIC/NON-GENERALIZABLE

INTERPRETIVE/ETHNOGRAPHIC IDENTIFY TOPIC LITERATURE REVIEW RESEARCH DESIGN DATA COLLECTION DATA ANALYSIS ELABORATION OF CONCEPTS/THEORIES REPORT OF FINDINGS

ETHNOGRAPHY OBSERVATION INTERVIEWS NATURALISTIC METHODS NARRATIVES, DOCUMENTS ETHNOGRAPHY THICK DESCRIPTION OBSERVATION INTERVIEWS

NUMBERS, MEASUREMENT POSITIVIST APPROACHES SURVEY, EXPERIMENT ETHNOGRAPHY INTERVIEW NATURALISTIC APPROACHES OBSERVATION CASE STUDY ACTION RESEARCH

MIXED METHODS SURVEY NUMBERS, MEASUREMENT INTERVIEW CASE STUDY ETHNOGRAPHY META- ANALYSIS MIXED METHODS OBSERVATION HISTORICAL & DOCUMENTARY EXPERIMENT VIRTUAL WORLDS ACTION RESEARCH

POST-POSITIVISM, POST- STRUCTURALISM & POSTMODERNISM MULTIPLE REALITIES INTERPRETIVE PHENOMENOLOGY NO GRAND NARRATIVES MULTIPLE MEANINGS DIFFERENCE & DIVERSITY CONTRADICTORY DISCOURSES CONTEXT & TEMPORALITY AGENCY & INDIVIDUALISM RELATIVIST DISCOURSES

Open systems Holism Relationships Emergence Complex adaptive systems Non-linear systems COMPLEXITY THEORY Self- organization Connected- ness Feedback/ communi- cation Order without control Distributed control