Massification or Messification in HE: Universities & Economic Development Altug Yalcintas Ankara University altug.yalcintas@politics.ankara.edu.tr

Massification Growing amounts, numbers, and varieties of Data and “Big Data” Universities and research institutes Lecturers, students, academic support staff Jobs Undergraduate and graduates programmes and courses Books, journals, readings, and watchings

Massification of mess-ification?

Big Data Large and complex data sets that increase on constant bases. Web 2.0 technologies: Internet search engines (such as Google), Chrome, Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, Android OS and related smart phone apps, internet ads etc. Economics of scarcity  economics of abundance

Source: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/05/130522085217.htm

A Success Story Nicholas Rescher, Pittsburgh, Philosophy From 1964 to date 100 books (2 books per year) 400 journal articles (8 articles per year)

Publish or perish

Publish or perish Publish and perish

Mass-authorship: 3 sayfa uzunluğundaki bu makale 285 yazar tarafından yazılmıştır.

(One of) The Shortest Paper(s)

Economic growth: an index that measures the percent rate of the increase or decrease in real per capita GDP over a certain amount of time. 3,1% or -0.9% Economic development: a process in which the wellbeing and the welfare of individuals and groups of individuals within a society increase Income equality, environmental issues, schooling and literacy, healthcare, social security, human rights, rule of law etc.

Argument (Part I) In order for an economy to growth and a society to prosper, the rule of law should be established and enforced. Acemoglu and others. Rule of law includes the rule of property law and the rule of IP law

Argument (Part II) The rule of law is necessary but not sufficient. We need laws and ethics that operate spontaneously and in harmony. Therefore: the laws of IP and the ethics of IP

Argument (Part III) Does the fact that we need the ethics of IP mean that one should be against the laws of IP?

Universities and Economic Development Received view: a positive correlation between academic and economics activities A focal point (or attractor) for and supply of talented individuals Incentives for invention and innovation Enhanced efficiency and productivity Economic clusters and competition Dissemination of the democratic values And of course: increase of demand in the intellectual economy

Intellectual Economy Markets of Goods and Services Markets of Ideas Type X: photocopying, violation of the registered university names (such as Mülkiye) Markets of Goods and Services IP Infringement at Universities Intellectual Economy Markets of Ideas Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3

Universities and Economic Development 1. Correlation does not imply causation 2. Causal relations are often complex Beyond the received view Causation vs. correlation: Causation: Taking an Aspirin and decreasing headache, increasing money supply and inflation, rising prices and decreasing demand (ceteris paribus). Correlation: Summer approaching and sales of swim suits increase, higher income and higher education, better education and better income.

Universities and Economic Development 1. Correlation does not mean causation 2. Causal relations are often complex Beyond the received view Complexity: Country-wise Region-wise (Silicon Valley, Boston Area) Sector-wise Time-wise

Universities and Economic Development 1099 – Bologna, Italy 1167 – Oxford, UK 1636 – Harvard, US 1933 – İstanbul, TR (1453-?) 1859 – Mülkiye, TR

Universities and Economic Development A detailed study of 15000 universities, 1500 regions, 78 universities, between 1950-2010 “Doubling the number of universities per capita is associated with 4% higher GDP per capita.” “Spillover effects from universities to geographically close neighbouring regions.” “Increased supply of human capital and greater innovation” “Higher historical university presence is associated with stronger pro- democratic attitudes” A. Valero and J van Reenen. 2016. “The Economic Impact of Universities: Evidence from Across the Globe” NBER Working Paper No: 22501

Universities and Economic Development Kaynak: A. Valero and J van Reenen. 2016. “The Economic Impact of Universities: Evidence from Across the Globe” NBER Working Paper No: 22501

Universities and Economic Development Source: OECD Science, Technology, and Innovation Outlook 2016. OECD Publications. 2016. (Figure 4)

Universities and Patents Industry

Universities and Patents R. Veugelers. 2016. “The Embodiment of Knowledge: Universities as Engines of Growth” Oxford Review of Economic Policy 32 (4): 615-631

Universities and Patents R. Veugelers. 2016. “The Embodiment of Knowledge: Universities as Engines of Growth” Oxford Review of Economic Policy 32 (4): 615-631

Universities and Patents Kaynak: A. Valero and J van Reenen. 2016. “The Economic Impact of Universities: Evidence from Across the Globe” NBER Working Paper No: 22501

TTOs Established by Year (the US) Source: https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2016-university-patents/ Accessed June 2017

Kaynak: http://www. travelsupermarket. com/travelmap/img/TS_Map_Blue2

Kaynak: http://jalperin.github.io/d3-cartogram/

Source: http://www. forbes

Number of International Students, World, 1975-2010 YÖK, 2014, https://yolharitasi.yok.gov.tr/SekillerVeTablolar.zul

Number of International Students, World, 1975-2010

Number of International Students, World, 1975-2010 C. Holmes and K. Mayhew. 2016. “The Economics of Higher Education” Oxford Review of Economic Policy 32 (4): 475-496.

Source: National Science Foundation, Survey of Earned Doctorates, 2013

Source: National Science Foundation, Survey of Earned Doctorates, 2013

Kaynak: John Cawley. 2016. “A GUIDE AND ADVICE FOR ECONOMISTS ON THE U Kaynak: John Cawley. 2016. “A GUIDE AND ADVICE FOR ECONOMISTS ON THE U.S. JUNIOR ACADEMIC JOB MARKET 2016-2017 Edition” AEA Website

Kaynak: John Cawley. 2016. “A GUIDE AND ADVICE FOR ECONOMISTS ON THE U Kaynak: John Cawley. 2016. “A GUIDE AND ADVICE FOR ECONOMISTS ON THE U.S. JUNIOR ACADEMIC JOB MARKET 2016-2017 Edition” AEA Website

Kaynak: John Cawley. 2016. “A GUIDE AND ADVICE FOR ECONOMISTS ON THE U Kaynak: John Cawley. 2016. “A GUIDE AND ADVICE FOR ECONOMISTS ON THE U.S. JUNIOR ACADEMIC JOB MARKET 2016-2017 Edition” AEA Website

Universities and Economic Development 1099 – Bologna, Italy 1167 – Oxford, UK 1636 – Harvard, US 1933 – İstanbul, TR (1453-?) 1859 – Mülkiye, TR

Source: Anna Valero John Van Reenen. 2016 Source: Anna Valero John Van Reenen. 2016. “The Economic Impact of Universities: Evidence from Across the Globe” CEP Discussion Paper No 1444 http://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/dp1444.pdf

Kaynak: A. Valero and J van Reenen. 2016 Kaynak: A. Valero and J van Reenen. 2016. “The Economic Impact of Universities: Evidence from Across the Globe” NBER Working Paper No: 22501

Kaynak: A. Valero and J van Reenen. 2016 Kaynak: A. Valero and J van Reenen. 2016. “The Economic Impact of Universities: Evidence from Across the Globe” NBER Working Paper No: 22501

Kaynak: A. Valero and J van Reenen. 2016 Kaynak: A. Valero and J van Reenen. 2016. “The Economic Impact of Universities: Evidence from Across the Globe” NBER Working Paper No: 22501

Kaynak: A. Valero and J van Reenen. 2016 Kaynak: A. Valero and J van Reenen. 2016. “The Economic Impact of Universities: Evidence from Across the Globe” NBER Working Paper No: 22501

Number of Universities, TR, 1933-2011

Number of Undergrad Students, TR, 1975-2014 YÖK, 2014, https://yolharitasi.yok.gov.tr/SekillerVeTablolar.zul

Number of PhD students, TR Kaynak: «Üniversiteler Akademisyen Bulamıyor» http://www.aktifhaber.com/universiteler-akademisyen-bulamiyor-662268h.htm 2012

Number of Academics in TR, 2016 Approx. 150,000 Rates of increase, 2002-2011: All academic staff: 46% Assistant Professorship: 72% Associate Professorship: 57% Full Professorship: 52% Research Fellow: 33% Source: Anadolu Ajansı, 2011 http://www.memurlar.net/haber/210221/

Number of students per academic staff

Number of Students and Universities, TR, 1975-2013 YÖK, 2014, https://yolharitasi.yok.gov.tr/SekillerVeTablolar.zul

Massification of Higher Education E. Schofer and J von Meyer. 2005. “The Worldwide Expansion of Higher Education in the 20th Century” American Sociological Review 70 (6): 898-920. In 1900: 1 individual with a uni degree in every 100 individuals 2000s: 5 individuals with a uni degree in every 100 individuals

Academic Inflation

Citations and Rankings