PHOTOSYNTHESIS & RESPIRATION GREEN BOOK REVIEWS – PHOTOSYNTHESIS & RESPIRATION PAGES 19-22

Photosynthesis-Respiration On hot, dry days, guard cells often close microscopic openings in plant leaves, conserving water. This is an example of (1) environmental factors causing gene mutation in plants (2) finite resources acting as selecting agents for evolution (3) a feedback mechanism for maintaining homeostasis (4) differentiation in plants as a result of stimuli Which process initially provides the link between an abiotic factor and the energy needs of an entire ecosystem? (1) respiration (3) decomposition (2) photosynthesis (4) predation The temporary storage of energy in ATP molecules is part of which process? (1) cell division (3) protein synthesis (2) cellular respiration (4) DNA replication The arrows in the diagram to the right represent the movement of materials. This movement of materials indicated by the arrows is most directly involved in the processes of (1) respiration and replication (2) photosynthesis and excretion (3) digestion and recycling (4) circulation and coordination

Certain organisms are able to store energy from the Sun in energy-rich compounds. Which event best illustrates this activity? (1) A fox captures and eats a young rabbit. (2) A caterpillar is eaten by a blackbird. (3) Lettuce produces organic substances. (4) Bacteria change organic material into simple nutrients. The diagram below represents a cross section of a leaf of a green plant, showing an opening (stomate) in the lower surface. A stomate in the lower surface of the leaf has a function most similar to the function of which cell structure? (1) cell membrane (3) ribosome (2) vacuole (4) nucleus A student prepared a test tube containing yeast, glucose, and water. After 24 hours, the test tube was analyzed for the presence of several substances. What substance would the student expect to find if respiration occurred in the test tube? (1) a hormone (3) nitrogen (2) starch (4) carbon dioxide

A biological process that occurs in plants is represented below. Which row in the chart below identifies the lettered substances in this process? Which phrase, if placed in box X, would correctly complete the flowchart shown below? (1) Increased use of starch in root cells (2) Increased concentration of glucose in leaf cells (3) Decreased ATP in root cells (4) Decreased concentration of oxygen in leaf cells

The leaves of a plant are dotted with openings known as stomata The leaves of a plant are dotted with openings known as stomata. When open, stomata allow the plant to exchange gases and allow moisture to evaporate, helping to draw water from the roots up into the plant. These activities help the plant to (1) produce light energy (2) maintain homeostasis (3) decompose organic matter (4) synthesize minerals A biological process that occurs in both plants and animals is shown below. Which row in the chart below identifies the lettered substances in this process?

The Control of Transpiration Plants normally lose water from openings (stomates) in their leaves. The water loss typically occurs during daylight hours when plants are exposed to the Sun. This water loss, known as transpiration, is both beneficial and harmful to plants. Scientists believe wind and high temperatures increase the rate of transpiration, but the size of each stomate opening can be regulated. Reducing the size of the openings during drought conditions may help reduce the dehydration and wilting that would otherwise occur. A leaf may lose more than its own weight in water each day. Transpiration also lowers the internal temperature of the leaf as water evaporates. On hot days, temperatures in the leaves may be from 3° to 15°C cooler than the outside air. With stomates open, vital gases may be exchanged between the leaf tissues and the outside environment. Researchers have also found many plants that use another response when leaf temperatures rise. Special molecules known as heat shock proteins are produced by plant cells and help to hold enzymes in their functional shapes. *State one way transpiration is beneficial to plants. *Transpiration helps plants cool off (release gases/exchange on hot days. *Identify two of the “vital gases” that are exchanged between leaf tissues and the outside environment. * - oxygen, -water vapor, -carbon dioxide *Identify the specific leaf structures that regulate the opening and closing of stomates. * - guard cells *Explain why it is important for plants to “hold enzymes in their functional shapes.” *If enzyme shape changes = different function (or stop).

The diagram below represents a process that occurs in a structure of a specialized cell. Which row in the chart correctly identifies the letters in the diagram? Which statement best describes the starch content of two leaves taken from the same plant shown in the chart to the right? (1) Neither leaf contains starch. (2) Both leaves contain the same amount of starch. (3) Leaf A contains more starch than leaf B. (4) Leaf B contains more starch than leaf A.

* - energy (nutrient) source Describe the cycling of carbon in an ecosystem. In your answer be sure to: • identify the inorganic carbon compound that is obtained by plants from the environment • identify the process plants use to form more complex organic molecules from this carbon compound • describe how herbivores use these complex organic molecules • identify the process herbivores use to return carbon to the environment * -carbon dioxide * - photosynthesis * - energy (nutrient) source * - respiration, -breathing, -excretion Carbon dioxide makes up less than 1 percent of Earth’s atmosphere, and oxygen makes up about 20 percent. These percentages are maintained most directly by (1) respiration and photosynthesis (2) the ozone shield (3) synthesis and digestion (4) energy recycling in ecosystems In the leaf of a plant, guard cells help to (1) destroy atmospheric pollutants when they enter the plant (2) regulate oxygen and carbon dioxide levels (3) transport excess glucose to the roots (4) block harmful ultraviolet rays that can disrupt chlorophyll production

Photosynthesis-Respiration Much of the carbon dioxide produced by green plants is not excreted as a metabolic waste because it (1) can be used for photosynthesis (2) is too large to pass through cell membranes (3) is needed for cellular respiration (4) can be used for the synthesis of proteins Photosynthesis-Respiration In 1883, Thomas Engelmann, a German botanist, exposed a strand of algae to different wavelengths of light. Engelmann used bacteria that concentrate near an oxygen source to determine which sections of the algae were releasing the most O2. The results are shown below. Which statement is a valid inference based on this information? (1) Oxygen production decreases as the wavelength of light increases from 550 to 650 nm. (2) Respiration rate in the bacteria is greatest at 550 nm. (3) Photosynthetic rate in the algae is greatest in blue light. (4) The algae absorb the greatest amount of oxygen in red light.