Copyright © 2000 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. From: The Visual Performance and Metamorphopsia of Patients With Macular Holes Arch Ophthalmol. 2000;118(1):41-46. doi:10.1001/archopht.118.1.41 Figure Legend: Plots from the Amsler chart test. A, A pincushion distortion in a patient with an early macular hole. B, Unpatterned metamorphopsia in a patient with a long-standing macular hole. Date of download: 11/3/2017 Copyright © 2000 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2000 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. From: The Visual Performance and Metamorphopsia of Patients With Macular Holes Arch Ophthalmol. 2000;118(1):41-46. doi:10.1001/archopht.118.1.41 Figure Legend: Photographs of a Mona Lisa portrait modified by computer software. A, Normal portrait. B, Scotoma in a part of the face. C, Pincushion modification between the eyebrows using a pinch filter. D, Pincushion modification with deletion of a small area of the left eye mainly by a pinch filter. The original picture size is 10 × 13 cm. For a viewing distance of 0.3 m, the scotoma and pinch-filtered area are approximately 2° and 4°, respectively. Date of download: 11/3/2017 Copyright © 2000 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2000 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. From: The Visual Performance and Metamorphopsia of Patients With Macular Holes Arch Ophthalmol. 2000;118(1):41-46. doi:10.1001/archopht.118.1.41 Figure Legend: A, A straight line projected on the retina. B, A pincushion-type line imaged on the retina. C, Both lines on the retina. If a straight line is to be seen as a curved line, the retinal points A through F must move to A‘ through F‘ or the photoreceptors must be displaced so that they underlie A‘ through F‘. When any of the primed letters are stimulated, they will be perceived as originating from A through F retinal points. Date of download: 11/3/2017 Copyright © 2000 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2000 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. From: The Visual Performance and Metamorphopsia of Patients With Macular Holes Arch Ophthalmol. 2000;118(1):41-46. doi:10.1001/archopht.118.1.41 Figure Legend: Theoretical background of Amsler chart testing for a macular hole. Light dots represent photoreceptors of a normal retina (A) and a retina with a macular hole (B) that revealed eccentric displacement. The central dot of the chart cannot be recognized because of the macular hole, ie, absence of the retina. Date of download: 11/3/2017 Copyright © 2000 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2000 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. From: The Visual Performance and Metamorphopsia of Patients With Macular Holes Arch Ophthalmol. 2000;118(1):41-46. doi:10.1001/archopht.118.1.41 Figure Legend: A straight line of the Amsler chart projected on the macular hole (A). Theoretically, the brain image of the straight line is bent toward the center (B). However, because the retina around the macular hole (black dots) may be damaged functionally, the patient's view will be more complicated. Date of download: 11/3/2017 Copyright © 2000 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2000 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. From: The Visual Performance and Metamorphopsia of Patients With Macular Holes Arch Ophthalmol. 2000;118(1):41-46. doi:10.1001/archopht.118.1.41 Figure Legend: Theoretical basis of Watzke-Allen testing. Because of the eccentric displacement of the macular photoreceptors, a slit of light oriented perpendicularly and crossing the macular hole is usually reported as thinning of the beam by the brain. Date of download: 11/3/2017 Copyright © 2000 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.