Hydrosphere (Saltwater) By: Hope Stokes, Trey Judge, Aaron Bruney

Coriolis Effect A mass moving in a rotating system experiences a force called the coriolis force acting perpendicular to the direction of motion and to the axis of rotation. It makes the water on the opposite side of the earth rotate in opposite directions.

Deep currents Caused by differences in the density of ocean water Deep currents- moving slower than surface currents, carrying cold water poles to equator Upwelling- movement of cold water to the surface to replace warmer water and bring smaller organisms minerals and other nutrients from deep ocean layers keeping the ocean ecosystem in balance

Causes of EL Nino Is a naturally occurring event in the equatorial region which causes temporary changes in the world climate. El Nino was the name used for warmer than normal sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of South America.

El Nino Conditions Cycle of warm and cold temperatures, as measured by sea surface temperatures. El nino is accompanied by high air pressure in the western Pacific and low air pressure in the eastern Pacific.

Seawater Water from a sea or ocean that has an average salinity . Salinity- measure of the mass of dissolved solids in a body of water

Surface Zone - The surface layer of the ocean is known as the epipelagic zone and extends from the surface to. It is also known as the sunlight zone because this is where most of the visible light exists. Most underwater plant life is here. MIddle Zone- layer is called the twilight zone or the disphotic zone. This zone appears deep blue to black in color. The depth of this zone depends on the clarity or murkiness of the water. Deep zone- The Deep Sea. measure of the mass of dissolved solids in a mess of water , where the water meets land, and the epipelagic zone, the upper sunlit zone of the open ocean.

Wave Waves are formed when wid blows across the water surface . measure of the mass of dissolved solids in a mess of water. Waves are formed when wid blows across the water surface .

Parts of the wave Crest- highest part of the wave Trough- lowest part of the wave wave length- distance from one crest to the other (including troughs) Amplitude- the energy that the wave carries Frequency- the amount of waves that pass a point in a amount of time

La Nina Is a coupled ocean -atmosphere phenomenon that is a counterpart of el nio Caused by extremely cold waters building up in the tropical Pacific. The strong, eastward moving ocean currents and trade winds bring this water to the surface, this process is also called upwelling.

Temperature - temperature changes depending on the location in polar or tropical regions. Salinity - warmer water is saltier because it evaporates faster leaving salt behind at the surface. Density - salt water is more dense than freshwater because it is colder.

Unique properties of water Changing state - water can change into three different phases(Solid, liquid, gas) within the temperature range of the Earth Capillary action - Allows water to travel through narrow spaces.

The never ending circulation of Earth’s supply of water. Water Cycle The never ending circulation of Earth’s supply of water. Evaporation - Water changing from a liquid to water vapor. Transpiration - Plants release water into the atmosphere. Condensation - Forms clouds when water vapor cools. Precipitation - Water is released back to surface from clouds. Groundwater - Water that is stored in rock layers and soil.

Tides Tidal Range - The difference between a high tide and low tide’s water level depending on the positions of the sun and the moon. Spring Tide - When the Earth, Sun, and Moon form a straight line.(Largest tidal range) Neap Tide - When the Earth, Sun, and Moon form a right angle.(Lowest tidal Range)