History of the Americas HL 12 Unit 4 Day 1 of 22 11/10/16 Case study #2: Chile 1970-2005 History of the Americas HL 12 2016-17 BSGE Jennifer Dikes

IB topics studied through this unit: Paper 2 World History Topic 9 – Evolution and development of democratic states Paper 3 Americas Topic 17: Civil rights and social movements in the Americas post 1945 Paper 3 Americas Topic 18 – The Americas 1980-2005 Paper 2 World history topic 9: Evolution and development of democratic states (1848– 2000) Emergence of democratic states • Conditions that encouraged the demand for democratic reform: aftermath of war and/or political upheaval; political, social and economic factors; external influences Paper 3 Americas Topic 17: Civil rights and social movements in the Americas post 1945 • The role and significance of leaders • Indigenous people and civil rights in the Americas • Development of political parties, constitutions and electoral systems; the significance/impact of those developments • Youth culture and protests of the 1960s and 1970s: characteristics and manifestation of a counterculture The development of democratic states Americas Topic 18: The Americas (1980–2005) • Factors influencing the evolution of democratic states: immigration; ideology; economic forces; foreign influences Transition to democracy in two countries of Latin America: reasons for democratization; role of internal and external factors • Responses to, and impact of, domestic crises • Post-transition challenges in two countries of Latin America: economic challenges and debt; justice and reconciliation; political parties and the role of the military • Struggle for equality: suffrage movements; civil protests • Violent and non-violent movements in two countries of Latin America: causes, aims and impact; role of religion, including liberation theology Impact of democracy on society • Social and economic policies and reforms: education; social welfare; policies • Economic and political cooperation in the Americas: reasons for and impact towards women and minorities; the distribution of wealth • The extent to which citizens benefit from those policies • Cultural impact; freedom of expression in the arts and media

Essential Questions Essential Questions that will be addressed in this unit What is democracy? How has democracy evolved in the 20th and 21st centuries? What is the role of protest in a society? What is the relationship between protest and democracy? Does economic and technological change represent progress? Can a democratic society exist that does not serve the interests of all? Who owns history?

Chile today Capital: Santiago (de Chile) Population (2015 est.): 18 million (40% lives in or near Santiago) Country with 37th largest land area (7th of 15 countries in South America) Official language: Spanish President: Michelle Bachelet (coalition: Nueva Mayoría; elected in 2014. Also president from 2006-2010) National Congress – Upper house: Senate Lower house: Chamber of Deputies Independence from Spain: 1818 Organized into 15 regions 70% Catholic, 15% various Protestant denominations Indigenous groups – 5% of population (largest group – Mapuche (est 600,000 people) Currency - peso (info from wikipedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Chile)

Government of Chile President: 4 year term in office. There is no limit to the number of terms, but no terms of office can be consecutive. Before the 2005 constitutional amendments, presidents had a six year term. The President is directly-elected nationwide by the absolute majority of the valid votes. If no candidate obtains such majority, a runoff election is held between the top two vote getters. Before 1989, the president was confirmed by Congress if elected by a plurality of votes (also known as a simple majority). The President was granted the ability to remove the commander-in-chief of the armed forces in the 2005 constitutional amendments. National Congress: The Congress of Chile has a 38-seat Senate and a 120-member Chamber of Deputies. Senators serve for eight years with staggered terms, while deputies are elected every 4 years. Chile’s congressional elections are run under a binomial voting system that rewards coalition slates (groups of smaller political parties that combine). There are only two or three large coalitions, so a multiparty system often functions as a two party system. Each coalition can present two candidates for the two Senate and two Chamber of Deputies seats in each electoral district. Typically, the two largest coalition split the seats in a district. Only if the leading coalition ticket outpolls the second place coalition by a margin of more that 2-to-1 does the winning coalition gain both seats. Between 1980 and 2005, the Senate included appointed senators and senators-for-life. Judiciary: Chile's judiciary is independent and includes a court of appeal, a system of military courts, a constitutional tribunal, and the Supreme Court of Chile. In June 2005, Chile completed a nationwide overhaul of its criminal justice system. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Chile

Suffrage rights From 1833: Men over 25, if single, or 21, if married, able to read and write, and owning property or capital of a certain value fixed by law. (Art. 8 of the 1833 Constitution) From 1925: Men over 21 able to read and write. (Art. 7 of the 1925 Constitution) From 1934: Men over 21 able to read and write (general registry); women over 25 able to read and write (municipal registry, i.e. limited to local elections). (Law No. 5,357) From 1949: Men and women over 21 able to read and write. (Law No. 9,292) From 1970 until today: Men and women over 18. (Law No. 17,284 modifying Art. 7 of the 1925 Constitution; Art. 13 of the 1980 Constitution) Voting is voluntary (was compulsory before 2012)

Constitution of Chile, 1980 (amended many times, most dramatically in 1989 and 2005; a new constitution is currently being drafted) Article 1 Persons are born free and equal in dignity and rights. The family is the fundamental nucleus of society. The State recognizes and defends the intermediate groups through which society organizes and structures itself and guarantees them the adequate autonomy to fulfill their own specific objectives. The State is at the service of the human person and its goal is to promote the common good, to which effect it must contribute to create the social conditions which permit each and every one of those composing the national community the greatest spiritual and material fulfillment possible, with full respect for the rights and guarantees that this Constitution establishes. It is the duty of the State to safeguard the national security, to provide protection for the people and the family, to promote the strengthening of the latter, to further the harmonious integration of all the sectors of the Nation and to ensure the right of persons to participate with equality of opportunities in the national life. Article 2 The national flag, the coat of arms of the Republic and the national anthem are the national emblems. Article 3 The State of Chile is unitary. The administration of the State will be functional and territorially decentralized, or deconcentrated as the case may be, in conformity with the law. The organs of the State will promote the strengthening of the regionalization of the country and the equitable development and solidarity between regions, provinces and communes of the national territory. Article 4 Chile is a democratic republic. Article 5 Sovereignty resides intrinsically in the Nation. Its exercise is realized by the people through the plebiscite and periodic elections, and also, by the authorities that this Constitution establishes. No sector of the people nor any individual may arrogate its exercise. The exercise of sovereignty recognizes as a limitation the respect for the essential rights which emanate from human nature. It is the duty of the organs of the State to respect and promote those rights, guaranteed by this Constitution, as well as by the international treaties ratified by Chile and which are in force.

Top Exports by Chile, 2014 http://atlas. media. mit

Top Imports by Chile, 2014 http://atlas. media. mit

Top Export Destinations of Chile, 2014 http://atlas. media. mit

Unit 4 Day 1 of 22 11/10/16 Top Countries of Origin for Imports to Chile, 2014 http://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/chl/

Free Trade Agreements Canada-Chile Free Trade Agreement (1997)* Chile-United States Free Trade Agreement (2004)* China-Chile Free Trade Agreement (2006) *Chile had intended to join NAFTA in the 1990s. Due to political problems in the US between Bill Clinton and Congress, this never happened. Chile signed separate free trade agreements with Canada, Mexico in 1998 and the US.