Arousal and Emotion

Students explain the relationship between emotions and behavior. Target Goal : Students explain the relationship between emotions and behavior.

Arousal Arousal response - pattern of physiological change that helps prepare the body for “fight or flight” Keywords: arousal, arousal response

Yerkes-Dodson Law Quality of performance Degree of arousal Moderately Very difficult task Moderately difficult task Easy task Some arousal is necessary High arousal is helpful on easy tasks As level of arousal increases, quality of performance decreases with task difficulty Too much arousal is harmful

Concept of Emotion - Are you Spock or McCoy? Draw an E on your Forehead Keywords: emotion Concept of Emotion - Are you Spock or McCoy?

Sensation-Seeking Scale Thrill-Seeking Experience-Seeking Disinhibiting Boredom Susceptibility

Theories of Emotion Common-Sense Theory ( Some people eat bats) Perception (Interpretation of stimulus-- danger) Stimulus (Tiger) Emotion (Fear) Bodily arousal (Pounding heart) Common-Sense Theory ( Some people eat bats) Keywords:

James Lange's Peripheral Feedback Theory Perception (Interpretation of stimulus-- danger) Stimulus (Tiger) Emotion (Fear) Bodily arousal (Pounding heart) James’s Theory ( Some People Buy Eggs) Keywords: Peripheral feedback theory, James

Schachter’s Cognition-Plus-Feedback Theory Type Intensity Emotion (Fear) Perception (Interpretation of stimulus-- danger) Stimulus (Tiger) Bodily arousal (Pounding heart) Keywords: Cognition-plus-feedback theory, Schachter

The High Bridge Study (Aron & Dutton, 1974) Social Psychologists A. Aron and D. Dutton used a natural setting to induce physiological arousal in their test of the Two Factor Theory of Emotion. In their study, an attractive female experimenter asked male passers-by to complete a brief survey. She intercepted potential subjects either at the end of a bridge or on the bridge itself. The footbridge used was the Capilano Suspension Bridge, a narrow bridge that spans a deep ravine. Following the survey interview, the experimenter gave the subjects her telephone number in case they had further questions. The dependent variable in this experiment was the number of telephone calls received from the subjects after the experiment. Male participants were asked to meet an interviewer in the middle of one of two bridges. One was a safe-looking bridge and one looked more dangerous. An attractive female researcher interviewed the male passers-by in the middle of the two bridges. She gave them her telephone number in case they wanted to ask about the results. Men on the less safe-looking bridge were more aroused by the height of the bridge, and were likely to confuse their feelings for being 'lovestruck'. They were then more likely to call her back, looking for a date. [edit] Sources and Additional Reading

Physiological Component ( Embodied Emotion)

How do we feel love & Fear differently? Cannon-Bard Theory= The Thalamus sent signals to Prefrontal Cortex & Hypothalamus at the same time. Cognition & Physiology occur together

Evaluate the significance of emotional responses stimuli and generate Generate hormonal secretions and autonomic reactions that accompany strong emotions

Video- The Science of Stress http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=science+of+stress&search_type=&aq=4&oq=science+of+st

Behavioral Component (Expressed Emotion)

Ekman’s Facial Feedback Theory ( Cartoon demo) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X3ZcZ2h4Ths&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active Keywords: facial feedback theory, Ekman

Ekman’s Facial Feedback Theory Facial expression Average happiness score Average anger score Keywords: facial feedback theory, Ekman Facial expressions have an effect on self-reported anger and happiness

Ekman’s Facial Feedback Theory Heart rate change (beats per minute) Temperature change (degrees C) (a) (b) Keywords: facial feedback theory, Ekman Facial expressions can produce effects on the rest of the body

( Experienced Emotion) Cognitive Component ( Experienced Emotion)

How do we deal with Anger? Catharsis Hypothesis “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges Does it work?

What does not work? -

What should we do with anger? Physiological response Rumination is ruination Sublimate via exercise, talk to friend, journal, play instrument Forgiveness decreases anger

Happiness- How do I get it? Write down Happy/ S & US What is Happiness? Subjective Well-Being self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life When should we ask for favors? Feel-good, do-good phenomenon people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

Experienced Emotion Changing materialism

Experienced Emotion Does money buy happiness? Average per-person Year 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Average per-person after-tax income in 1995 dollars Percentage describing themselves as very happy $20,000 $19,000 $18,000 $17,000 $16,000 $15,000 $14,000 $13,000 $12,000 $11,000 $10,000 $9,000 $8,000 $7,000 $6,000 $5,000 $4,000 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Percentage very happy Personal income

Why do we feel unhappy sometimes? Adaptation-Level Phenomenon tendency to form judgments relative to a “neutral” level Relative Deprivation perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

What does make us happy? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o52a7eZABF4

Experienced Emotion Values and life satisfaction Importance scores Money Love 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 Life satisfaction 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 Importance scores

Can we read nonverbal cues? EMOTIONAL DETECTIVES: People more speedily detect an angry face than a happy one (Ohman, 2001) Can you detect deception?

Whose better at reading emotion? Gender and expressiveness Men Women Sad Happy Scary Film Type 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 Number of expressions

Is emotion universal? Culturally universal expressions

Are expressions innate or learned? Infants’ naturally occurring emotions

Paul Ekmans Research http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-PFqzYoKkCc

STOP HERE….. Stress Film

Stress and Illness Stress the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

Stress Appraisal Appraisal Response Stressful event (tough math test) Threat (“Yikes! This is beyond me!”) Challenge (“I’ve got to apply all I know”) Panic, freeze up Aroused, focused Appraisal Response

Stress and Illness General Adaptation Syndrome resistance Phase 1 Alarm reaction (mobilize resources) Phase 2 Resistance (cope with stressor) Phase 3 Exhaustion (reserves depleted) The body’s resistance to stress can last only so long before exhaustion sets in Stressor occurs General Adaptation Syndrome Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three stages

Stress and Health Health Psychology subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine

Perceived Control Equality and Longevity

Stress and the Heart Hopelessness scores Heart attack Death 3.5 3 2.5 1.5 1 0.5 Heart attack Death Low risk Moderate risk High risk Men who feel extreme hopelessness are at greater risk for heart attacks and early death

Stress and the Heart Coronary Heart Disease clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle leading cause of death in many developed countries

Stress and the Heart Type A Type B Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people Type B Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people

Stress and Disease Psychophysiological Illness “mind-body” illness any stress-related physical illness some forms of hypertension some headaches distinct from hypochondria— misinterpreting normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease

Stress and Disease Lymphocytes two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections T lymphocytes form in the thymus and, among other duties, attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances

Stress and Disease Conditioning of immune suppression UCS (drug) UCR (sweetened water) CR Conditioning of immune suppression

poor nutrition and sleep) Stress and Disease Negative emotions and health-related consequences Unhealthy behaviors (smoking, drinking, poor nutrition and sleep) Persistent stressors and negative emotions Release of stress hormones Heart disease Immune suppression Autonomic nervous system effects (headaches, hypertension)

Promoting Health Aerobic Exercise Depression score 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 Before treatment evaluation After treatment No-treatment group Aerobic exercise Relaxation treatment Aerobic Exercise sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness

Promoting Health Biofeedback system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state blood pressure muscle tension

Life-style modification patients Promoting Health Modifying Type A life-style can reduce recurrence of heart attacks Percentage of patients with recurrent heart attacks (cumulative average) 6 5 4 3 2 1 Year 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 Life-style modification patients Control patients Modifying life-style reduced recurrent

Promoting Health Social support across the life span Percentage 12-14 18-19 25-34 45-54 65-74 15-17 20-24 35-44 55-64 75+ Age in years 100% 90 80 70 60 50 Percentage with high support

Promoting Health Life events Tendency toward Health Illness Personal appraisal Challenge Threat Personality type Easy going, Nondepressed, Optimistic Hostile, Depressed, Pessimistic Personal habits Nonsmoking, Regular exercise, Good nutrition Smoking, Sedentary, Poor nutrition Level of social support Close, enduring Lacking

Alternative Medicine

Promoting Health Predictors of mortality 1 0.8 Relative 0.6 risk 0.4 0.2 Men Women Not smoking Regular exercise Weekly religious attendance Relative risk of dying

Promoting Health Religious Attendance

Promoting Health The religion factor is multidimensional Religious involvement Healthy behaviors (less smoking, drinking) Social support (faith communities, marriage) Positive emotions (less stress, anxiety) Better health (less immune system suppression, stress hormones, and suicide)