For Dr. Wright’s Bio 6 Class SI Biology SI Session Chapter 1 Introduction Spring 2010 For Dr. Wright’s Bio 6 Class Picture from http://www.topnews.in/diabetic-care-cost-rise-281839 Designed by Pyeongsug Kim ©2010 sibio@att.net

Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 What’s going on inside body? At low temperature At hot temperature Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 Our body response to the environment to maintain internal operating conditions, within ranges most favorable for cell activities. Picture from http://garrulousdave.blogspot.com/2008_07_01_archive.html http://www.reneelevy.com/ToonOfDay.htm http://health.howstuffworks.com/diabetes1.htm Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 Homeostasis -is maintenance of a state of dynamic constancy -The body’s ability to maintain internal conditions. such as temperature, pH, and solute concentrations, at steady normal set points. The set point for each internal condition is usually… (a range of values/ one exact number). pH 7.35-7.45 Sodium 135-145 mEq/L Proteins 6.5-8.0 g/dL Glucose 75-110 mg/dL Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 Homeostasis -conditions are stabilized by _________________ negative feedback _____________ -measure an internal condition. -detects deviation from set point. Sensors _____________ -determines response. -avtivates effectors. Integrating center Effectors _____________ -Produce response. -able to change an internal condition Most often, integrating center is _________ Brain Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 Homeostasis : Stable operating conditions in the internal environment. Three components interact Receptor - e.g. Sensory nerve, Receptors Integrator - e.g. Usually brain Effector- e.g. muscles(shivering), sweat gland(sweat) or body organs(heart…), Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 Picture from http://wps.prenhall.com/esm_freeman_biosci_1/7/1955/500605.cw/index.html http://www.southtexascollege.edu/nilsson/4_GB_LectureNotes_f/4_GB_16_AnimS_Ho_J_Spr2003.html Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 For examples…. Negative feedback loops control blood pressure. Negative feedback response ________ __________ Stimulus ________ Effector ________ Sensor _______________ Integrating center Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 Regulatory mechanisms: _______ control -within the organ itself; “built-in” -Outside of organ(=target organ) -by nervous system or endocrine system(hormones) e.g. Insulin reduces blood glucose levels. Intrinsic Extrinsic Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 When blood glucose level increases, insulin will be released to decrease blood glucose level by ________ feedback. negative Picture from http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_mckinley/Endocrine%20System.htm Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 What if this mechanism is defective? (e.g. if insulin is not released enough?) Diabetes mellitus Picture from http://www.ghsa.net/?q=node/1094 http://novarider.com/2009/04/diabetes-cause-eye-diseases/ Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 When the body maintains its homeostasis, If the body loses its homeostasis, (When particular mechanism is defective..) Diseases….. Disorders.. Illness…. What do we need when lose homeostasis? Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 Positive feedback Effectors actually (amplify / reduce) the effect. Child birth, Blood clotting Picture from http://www.daviddarling.info/images/blood_clotting.gif Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 Negative feedback? Positive feedback? Picture from http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_mckinley/Endocrine%20System.htm Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 Negative feedback Positive feedback Stimulus-(reversed/intensified)  Antagonistic effector Stimulus (reversed/intensified) Most feedback systems in the body Sometimes…. Adjustment for homeostasis used for conditions to be stabilized Body temperature, blood sugar levels, blood pressure….etc Child birth, Blood clotting Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Primary tissues (4) :Muscle, Nervous, Epithelial, &Connective Muscle tissue (3types) Epithelial tissue Cardiac Skeletal simple stratified Smooth Nervous tissue Connective tissue -Neurons and supporting cells -Tendon, Adipose, Bone, & Blood Picture from http://science.tjc.edu/Course/BIOLOGY/1409/neuron2.9-6.jpg Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 Muscle tissues Skeletal Cardiac Smooth -Not striated -Involuntary -Circular pattern for constriction -Longitudinally for peristalsis - digestive tract, blood vessels, bronchioles, etc. - Striated - Voluntary Multinucleated -controlled individually -Striated -Involuntary -Branched Intercalated discs -All of the cells are stimulated at once -Only in heart Pictures from: Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 Nervous tissues -Consists of ________ and supporting or ____cells. -Neurons are specialized for conducting electrical signals. neurons glial __________ contains nucleus; is metabolic center. __________ receive signals. __________ sends signal to another nerve or muscle cell. Cell body Dendrites Axon _______________ provide physical and functional support for neurons Supporting/Glial cells Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 Epithelial tissue -Lining; Forms membranes and glands. -continually being replaced. Cells are joined by junctional complexes increase strength and create barrier. ______________ - diffusion and filtration lines blood vessels. Simple squamous ______________- lines ducts and kidney tubules. Simple cuboidal ______________- stomach and intestine goblet cells secrete mucus. Simple columnar _________________- esophagus and vagina. Stratified squamous Picture from: internet somewhere Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 What type of tissue is lined in uterian (fallopian) tube? Why? Ciliated Simple columnar epithelial tissue ; To lead from the ovaries into the uterus http://www.uterus1.com/images/anatomy_uterus.jpg What type of tissue is lined in blood vessels? Why? Simple squamous epithelium ;To filtrate of diffuse gases, fluid, other substances into tissue or from the tissue. http://webanatomy.net/histology/epithelium/fallopian_tube.jpg http://www.cdc.gov/rabies/images/vessel2.jpg Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 Epithelial tissue -Lining; Forms membranes and glands (exocrine & endocrine). -continually being replaced. Cells are joined by junctional complexes. increase strength and create barrier. -Separated from underlying tissue by __________________. basement membrane Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 Connective tissue - extracellular material deposited in space between its cells. Loose _____ connective tissue -consists of collagen (fibrous proteins) and tissue fluid. eg) dermis of skin Dense ______connective tissue -packed with fibers of collagen. -Regular eg) tendons,ligaments -Irregular eg) capsules, sheaths Connective Tissue -_______ -Specialized for fat synthesis, breakdown and storage. Adipose Picture from http://asweknowit.net/images_edu/dwa%205%20connective%20tissue.gif Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 Connective Tissue -________ -For support, protection -Chondrocytes and elastic extracellular material. -Precursor for bone in fetus. -Forms articular surfaces for joints. Cartilage http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/curriculum/vm8054/labs/Lab7/lab7.htm Connective Tissue -_______ -Concentric layers of calcified material. -Haversian systems Bone http://www.zmescience.com/system-to-build-transplant-tissue-created http://www.usm.maine.edu/bio/courses/bio205/human_bone_haversian.jpg Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 Membranes :covering, lining, or separating. ;composed of epithelium & connective tissues. ___________ - exposed to outer surface of body. -skin ____________ - internal, but line organs that “open up” to outside. - kept moist. - respiratory, digestive, reproductive. Cutaneous http://wps.aw.com/bc_marieb_ehap_8/25/6526/1670745.cw/index.html Mucous Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 Membranes (cont’d) Serous _______ -line sealed body cavities -abdominal, thoracic, pericardial Synovial ____________ -between joints -Synovial fluid lubricate joints permitting smooth movement. http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/chapter1.htm Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010