Financial Ratios & Break-Even Analysis 12 Financial Ratios & Break-Even Analysis Section 12.1 Financial Ratios Section 12.2 Break-Even Analysis

Section 12.1: Financial Ratios Explain what a financial ratio is Describe how income statements are used for financial analysis Compare operating ratios and return-on-sales ratios Describe the ratios developed by using balance sheets Explain the importance of return on investment Section 12.1: Financial Ratios

What Are Financial Ratios? Financial ratios are relationships between important financial data that are expressed as fractions or as percentages. One way entrepreneurs can see relationships, patterns, and trends is by using charts. Pie charts and bar graphs are very helpful in illustrating financial ratios. A pie chart has “slices” that represent portions of the whole. A bar graph uses vertical or horizontal bars to show data. Section 12.1: Financial Ratios

Analysis Based on an Income Statement Entrepreneurs use income statements to show how their businesses are performing. With Sales Data Analysis, an income statement is used to review monthly sales totals in order to determine how much the business can afford to spend. Monthly income statements are also used to forecast future sales. Entrepreneurs also use income statements to measure how cost of goods sold and operating expenses affect profits. Same-size analysis is a comparison of total revenue or other financial data against that same data converted into percentages. Section 12.1: Financial Ratios

Income Statement Ratios Some financial ratios provide a “snapshot” of a specific aspect of a business and are used to monitor expenses, compare performance with the competition, to measure profitability. The operating ratio is the percentage of each dollar of revenue, or sales, needed to cover expenses. Return on sales (ROS) is the financial ratio calculated by dividing net income by sales. (Expenses ÷ Sales) x 100 = Operating Ratio (%) (Net Income ÷ Sales) x 100 = Return on Sales (%) Section 12.1: Financial Ratios

Ratios from Balance Sheets Entrepreneurs create ratios from the data on the balance sheets to monitor debt, compare debt with equity, and make sure the business has sufficient cash to pay its debts. The debt ratio is used to monitor the debts of a business. This is the ratio of a business’s total debt divided by its total assets. The debt-to-equity ratio is the ratio of the total debts (liabilities) of the business divided by its owner’s equity. (Total Debts ÷ Total Assets) x 100 = Debt Ratio (%) (Total Debts ÷ Owner’s Equity) x 100 = Debt-to-Equity Ratio (%) Section 12.1: Financial Ratios

Ratios from Balance Sheets The quick ratio is the comparison of cash to debt. The current ratio is current assets divided by current liabilities. (Cash + Marketable Securities ) ÷ Current Liabilities = Quick Ratio Current Assets ÷ Current Liabilities = Current Ratio Section 12.1: Financial Ratios

Return on Investment (ROI) Return on investment (ROI) is a financial ratio used to determine how well the business is doing in relation to the amount of money invested. Return on investment (ROI) shows the profit on the investment expressed as a percentage of the total invested (when expressed as a percentage, it is also referred to as the rate of return). (Net Income ÷ Investment) x 100 = Return on Investment (%) Section 12.1: Financial Ratios

12.2 Break-Even Analysis Explain the importance of the break-even point Perform a break-even analysis Section 12.2: Break Even Analysis

What Is a Break-Even Point? On an income statement, if the costs and expenses were exactly equal to the sales, there would be neither a profit nor a loss and net income would be zero. This is called the break-even point, because the business has sold exactly enough units to cover costs. Break-even analysis examines the income statement to identify the break-even point for a business. A break- even analysis examines how many units of a product (or hours of a service) a business must sell to pay all its costs. Section 12.2: Break Even Analysis

Operating Expenses ÷ Gross Profit per Unit = Break-Even Units Break-Even Analysis Use break-even analysis to determine how many units of a product a business must sell to pay all its expenses. The gross profit of the business (Total Sales - Total COGS) is used to pay operating expenses. Break-even units are the number of units of sale a business needs to sell to arrive at the break-even point (where the bottom line is zero). Operating Expenses ÷ Gross Profit per Unit = Break-Even Units Section 12.2: Break Even Analysis