Projeto PEN-RAVA na Amazônia Oriental: Coordenadora- Jamie Cotta Assistentes –Rilson Lima, Petrônio Barroso, Gláucio Vaz e Camila Verbicaro

Study Context Amazonian estuarine floodplain forests, Pará, Brazil 2 most distant communities separated by 88 km Climate: Super humid Avg temp 27° C Avg precip 2000 mm/yr Forest cover: Predominantly secondary growth (history of timber extraction, agriculture, and other forest product extraction, little remaining mature forest) WE HAVE ONLY ENTERED DATA FOR 3 OF THE 4 COMMUNITIES!!! 4 villages (138 households) 6.1 persons/household, based on 3 of 4 communities

Tauerá de Beja1 Sirituba Acaraqui Community Tauerá de Beja1 Sirituba Acaraqui Population 619 ~550  500 # interviewed 36 35 32 In migration Out migration 15 individuals 12 individuals 10 individuals 100 individuals 10 individuals 15 individuals Land Tenure Individual title holders Use concession (riverdwellers) Agro-Extractive Settlement Project (use concession) Agro-Extractive Settlement Project and quilombola (use concession/collective title) Principal economic activities Agricultural crops (primarily manioc and some cupuaçú), açai fruit, fishing (8 families), Miriti toy production. Açai fruit and wine, shrimp trap production, fishing, sale of miriti pulp Açai, fishing, agricultural crops, sugar cane Most important cultivars manioc, cupuaçú NSA manioc Major forest products Açaí, charcoal for sale, firewood for subsistence Açaí, miriti, firewood for subsistence Açaí, firewood for subsistence, little charcoal Other important forest products Medicine: veronica bark Fibers and lianas: arumã, miriti, and jupati stems, guarachama, buiuçú, titica vine, ubuçú palms leaves Medicine: veronica bark, lacre, sumu de buiuçú, andiroba oil, and caxinguba milk Fibers and lianas: Paxiuba, jupati stems, graxama, miriti stems and arumã. Medicine: andiroba oil, veronica bark, sucuúba milk, caxinguba milk, and amapá milk Fibers and lianas: Arumã, miriti and jupati stems, sororoca, graxama, and ubuçú palm leaves Market access Agricultural products and forest products sold in community to intermediaries (then sold as far as Belém, Pará), or sold in nearby city 13 km/50 min by bike to city 4.5 km/25 min by boat to city 10 km/1 hour by boat to city Context cont... These communities represent a small small fraction of reality in Brazil, and even Pará. No capture of timber based economies in the Brazil studies, for example, no indigenous groups, etc. Data presented in following slides refers to only 3 communities, based upon an UNCHECKED database...to reveal general trends only!!! Communities gradually settled during history of economic booms. Timber, rubber, later sugar cane. Acaraqui populated by descendants of escaped slaves Settlement history: Acaraqui may present a difference in income, etc. due to the fact that it is a quilombola area and is essentially composed of two communities. Community cohesion is poor and access to government assistance, etc. appears more difficult here. Market access: No major differences, especially due to the presence of intermediaries. However Terê is located further from other towns and markets in general.

Household income sources Slide II: Household income sources   **Forest income largely composed of açaí fruit and miriti pulp, shrimp traps, charcoal.. I In Terê it would be açaí, heart of palm, timber (not included here) **Agriculture - Principally farinha, some cupuaçú Livestock - Negligible Other - See slide 6 Non-forest environmental 0 Predominantly firewood and charcoal, which are forest products – possibly should be moved to forest product table? Wage Labor - Very important for some families Own business - Small merchandise, Resale of city goods

Slide III: Income sources and seasonality Forest products (managed secondary forests) Açaí (predominantly intensively managed forest) Miriti fruit and pulp (fruit purchased from other communities and resold in study communities) Handicrafts (palm material and lianas) Timber and heart of palm very important in 4th community, not shown here Açaí important in all Q, as it has a long fruiting season…with tendency to be higher in Q1 and Q4. Miriti fruit important in Q1 and Q2 in Sirituba and Acaraqui. Two major activities in Sirituba (miriti and shrimp traps) Heart of palm primarily sold as a byproduct of açaí management practices, except for in 4th community, which is not shown here. In the past it was more important Gap filler when agricultural incomes are low? NO As açaí has grown in importance, and has a fairly long fruiting season, other products seem to serve as gap fillers when açaí is not available. This is more prominent in floodplain forests, but also occurring in terra firme. Important activities during açaí off-season: Wage labor (forest and agricultural activities) Shrimp traps made of lianas and palm fibers Miriti fruit and pulp Charcoal production Timber (1 community) Comment on which are “forest” vs. “other environmental income” sources…. Subsistence pricing Own-reported values based on estimated price to purchase the product within the community, cross-checked with focus groups during each survey period (Q1-Q4)

Other income breakdown Largest 3 (retirement, bolsa familia, fisherman’s compnensation) are important in all communities

Income composition and poverty  Slide V: Income composition and poverty Forest income increases more or less as income does, so not a case where poorest people rely more on forest resources.  I think it would be more interesting to look at, LATER, relation of forest income to wage work, etc. Other patterns Forests to weather misfortune? – NO Possible stepping stone out of poverty? – NO Road/market access – NSA

Policies and overall findings Recent credit lines biased toward açaí production - Investments contributed to intensive açaí management, to the detriment of forest diversity, and ecosystem services - Açaí densities increased to detriment of miriti populations Extension and TA lacking for smallholders in the study area Contributed to no or poor management of landholdings, and unsustainable forest management practices Side VII: Policies and overall findings Are there any particular projects or policies in the study area that have had a major impact on the patterns observed above? What are the most surprising, exciting or convincing findings from your study?

Policies and overall findings cont... Smallholder fear of dependence upon a single product (açaí or miriti) Government assistance for smallholders is substantial. Bolsa familia and other programs may be significantly changing smallholder activities Important forest resources undervalued and net income much lower due to decline in natural stocks (ie lack fo lianas/fibers for shrimp traps) Collective labor an important component, but not quantified in questionnaire Side VII: Policies and overall findings - Need to work with communities to maintain and increase this local knowledge in order to sustain income from forest extraction. Unfamiliarity with liana and other fiber species, which are highly used. - Collective labor an important component and would be nice to quantify household labor contribution, especially for comparative purposes across regions - Local pollution could be affecting fruit production, but no evidence ot support

General research challenges Difficulty in sufficiently presenting the research project beforehand to community and all participants Hesitancy of participants to provide income related information (specif timber) or assets/savings. Inability to estimate landholding size and approximate land cover for each land use type (due to logistical difficulties in floodplain forests and lack of time and resources) Little allocated in research budget to return useful products to participating communities and other regional stakeholders, after a time-consuming, highly extractive research process…. (in part due to difficulty in organizing community meetings) Return results in a more relevant and immediate manner (ie community maps, pamphlets, educational presentations/workshop)