Copyright © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 Basic Syrups, Creams, and Sauces Copyright © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 Basic Syrups, Creams, and Sauces Sugar Cooking Syrup Strength Indication of the concentration of sugar in a solution. Once the sugar has dissolved, we can increase the concentration of sugar by continuing to boil the syrup. When all the water has evaporated the remaining melted sugar begins to caramelize, or brown. One pint of water is enough to dissolve 3-4 lbs. of sugar. The Brix scale is a measure of the sugar concentration in a solution. The simple way to measure sugar concentration is to use a hydrometer, a hollow glass tube with a weight at one end. A hydrometer used specifically to measure sugar concentration is called a saccharometer. Copyright © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 Basic Syrups, Creams, and Sauces Sugar Cooking Crystallization and Inversion Graininess is a common fault in many candies and desserts. Graininess results when cooked sugar crystallizes—turns to tiny sugar crystals rather than staying dissolved in the syrup. Seeding is the chain reaction of when one sugar crystal comes in contact with the sugar syrup and turns the whole thing into a mass of sugar crystals. To avoid crystallization during the first stages of boiling sugary syrups Do not stir the syrup. Wash down the sides of the sides of the pan with a brush dipped in water, or… Cover the pan during the first boiling for several minutes. Copyright © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 Basic Syrups, Creams, and Sauces Sugar Cooking Syrups cooked until they have a high concentration of sugar are liable to crystallize after they have been cooled. This can be controlled by inversion, a chemical change of regular sugar into another form of sugar that resists crystallizing. Ingredients that may be added to invert sugar are: An acid: cream of tartar or lemon juice Glucose or corn syrup Copyright © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 Basic Syrups, Creams, and Sauces Sugar Cooking Stages of Sugar Cooking Testing the temperature with a candy thermometer is the most accurate way to determine the doneness of a syrup. Copyright © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved

12 Basic Syrups, Creams, and Sauces Sugar Cooking Stages of Doneness in Sugar Cooking Stage °F °C Thread 230 110 Soft Ball 240 115 Firm Ball 245 118 Hard Ball 250-260 122-127 Small Crack 265-270 130-132 Crack 275-280 135-138 Hard Crack 290-310 143-155 Caramel 320-340 160-170 Copyright © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 Basic Syrups, Creams, and Sauces Sugar Cooking Basic syrups for the bakeshop Simple syrup, stock syrup, a solution of equal weights of sugar and water. Dessert syrup, a flavored simple syrup. Copyright © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 Basic Syrups, Creams, and Sauces Sugar Cooking Procedure for Preparing a Simple Syrup Combine equal weights of water and sugar. Stir and bring to a boil over moderate heat. Cook and stir until sugar is dissolved. Remove any scum. Cool the syrup and store in a covered container. Copyright © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 Basic Syrups, Creams, and Sauces Sugar Cooking Procedure for Preparing a Dessert Syrup Prepare and cool a simple syrup. Add any desired flavoring according to taste. OR Prepare a simple syrup, but add the rind of an orange or lemon to the sugar and water before bringing it to a boil. Remove rind from cooled syrup. Copyright © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 Basic Syrups, Creams, and Sauces Basic Creams Whipped Cream Cream for whipping should be at least one day old. Chill the cream and all equipment thoroughly. Use a wire whip for beating by hand or the whip attachment on the mixer. Use medium speed on mixer. Use extra fine granulated sugar or sifted confectioners’ sugar if sweetening the cream. Copyright © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 Basic Syrups, Creams, and Sauces Basic Creams Whipped Cream Do not over whip. Cream to be folded into other ingredients should be slightly underwhipped. Fold in flavoring last. If the cream is not to be used immediately, store it, covered, in the refrigerator. Copyright © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 Basic Syrups, Creams, and Sauces Basic Creams Meringue: whipped egg whites sweetened with sugar. Common meringue (French meringue): room temperature egg whites beaten with sugar. Swiss meringue: egg whites and sugar that are warmed over a hot water bath as they are beaten. Italian meringue: beating a hot sugar syrup into the egg whites. Copyright © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 Basic Syrups, Creams, and Sauces Basic Creams Meringue Soft meringues: may be made with as little as 1 lb. sugar to 1 lb. egg whites. Hard meringues: 2 parts sugar to one part egg whites; baked until crisp. Copyright © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 Basic Syrups, Creams, and Sauces Basic Creams Guidelines for making meringues: Fats prevent whites from foaming properly. Egg whites foam better at room temperature. Do not overbeat. Sugar makes egg white foams more stable. Mild acid helps foaming. Copyright © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 Basic Syrups, Creams, and Sauces Basic Creams Crème Anglaise: vanilla custard sauce, a stirred custard. Use strict sanitation procedures. Set up a stainless steel bowl in an ice bath before beginning cooking. Set a strainer over the bowl. When combining the egg yolks and sugar, whip the mixture as soon as the sugar is added. Heat the milk to scalding before combining with egg yolks. Slowly beat the hot milk into the beaten eggs and sugar. Set the bowl containing the egg mixture in a pan of simmering water to prevent curdling. Copyright © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 Basic Syrups, Creams, and Sauces Basic Creams Crème Anglaise: vanilla custard sauce, a stirred custard. Checking for doneness When the mixture reaches 185°F (85°C). When the mixture lightly coats the back of a spoon. Immediately pour the sauce through a strainer into bowl over ice bath. If the sauce curdles, immediately stir in 1-2 ounces (30-60 mL) of cold milk, transfer it to a blender and blend at high speed. Copyright © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 Basic Syrups, Creams, and Sauces Basic Creams Pastry Cream, crème pâtissière, contains a starch thickening agent to stabilize the eggs. Crème chiboust is pastry cream with the addition of meringue and gelatin. Dissolve the sugar in the milk and bring to a boil. Beat egg yolks and whole eggs in a bowl. Sift the cornstarch and sugar into the eggs and beat well. Temper the egg mixture Return the mixture to the heat and bring to a boil. Stir constantly. Remove from heat when thickened and add butter and flavorings. Cool and chill as quickly as possible. Copyright © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 Basic Syrups, Creams, and Sauces Dessert Sauces Custard sauces Chocolate sauces Lemon sauce Fruit sauces Purées of fresh or cooked fruit, sweetened with sugar, called coulis. Heated, strained fruit jams and preserves, diluted with simple syrup, water or liquor. Caramel sauces Caramel is simply sugar cooked until it is golden. There are two methods available for caramelizing sugar: Wet method Dry method Butter caramel Copyright © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved