Exam #1 F 2/16 in WCH 1.120 (bring cheat sheet) Review Th 2/15 at 5pm in GRG 102

haploid X 23 in humans X 23 in humans diploid X 23 in humans Inheritance = The interaction between genes inherited from Mom and Dad.

Mom = AB Dad = AB A or B A or B Gametes: Dad A or B 25% AA 50% AB Inheritance of blood types Mom = AB Dad = AB A or B A or B Gametes: Dad A or B Chance of each phenotype for each offspring 25% AA 50% AB 25% BB AA A or B AB Mom AB BB

It is rarely this simple. Genotype Phenotype Genes code for proteins (or RNA). These gene products give rise to traits… It is rarely this simple. CB 14.6

Human Chromosomes

X/Y chromosomes in humans CB 15.9 X/Y chromosomes in humans

Sex-linked traits: Genes on the X chromosome A= normal ; a= colorblind CB 15.10 Sex-linked traits: Genes on the X chromosome A= normal ; a= colorblind No one affected, female carriers 50% of males affected, 50 % female carriers 50% affected, female carriers

CB 6.9 an Animal Cell Mitochondria

Endosymbiotic Theory - proposed origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts from free-living bacteria to cellular organelles CB 26.13

Mitochondria have their own DNA.

Only the egg provides mitochondria to the offspring. CB 47.6 Only the egg provides mitochondria to the offspring. mitochondria

… because Mom provides 100% of mitochondrial DNA CB 13.5 Mom provides 50.000275% and Dad provides 49.999825% of DNA to offspring. … because Mom provides 100% of mitochondrial DNA

Traits coded for by mtDNA are inherited only through mother mitochondria CB 47.6

Mitochondrial DNA comparisons can be used to trace ancestry:

How are we related, and where did we come from?

When did these migrations take place?

Non-Coding DNA is used for comparisons between individuals

As DNA is passed on mutations take place

The mutation rate in human mtDNA is one nucleotide change per 20,000 years. OR A difference of one nucleotide between two people indicates a common relative 10,000 years ago. Fig 4

When did these migrations take place?

Two hypotheses about the origin of H. sapiens Multiregional hypothesis “Out of Africa” hypothesis

Relationships of different populations using mtDNA ~150,000ya 7 Daughters of Eve, fig. 1

Two hypotheses about the origin of H. sapiens Multiregional hypothesis “Out of Africa” hypothesis

Relationships of different people using mtDNA. 7 Daughters of Eve, fig. 2

Relationships of different people using mtDNA. 7 Daughters of Eve, fig. 2

Relationships of different people using mtDNA. 7 Daughters of Eve, fig. 2

Relationships of different people using mtDNA. From Science v298 12/20/02 pg 2381 93-95% of genetic variation within population. 3-5% of genetic variation occurs between populations. 7 Daughters of Eve, fig. 2

There is no genetic definition of race.

Exam #1 F 2/16 in WCH 1.120 (bring cheat sheet) Review Th 2/15 at 5pm in GRG 102

(bonus info not covered in class and will not be on the exam) During the Bolshevik revolution, the Tsar’s family was captured and executed. Tsar’s Family

(bonus info not covered in class and will not be on the exam) There are many stories about what happened to their youngest daughter Anastasia Tsar’s Family

(bonus info not covered in class and will not be on the exam)

(bonus info not covered in class and will not be on the exam) Anna Anderson claimed she was Anastasia, but tests of her mtDNA and one of Anastasia’s maternal relatives did not match.

(bonus info not covered in class and will not be on the exam) For more info check out: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Anastasia_Nikolaevna_of_Russia Or the book “Seven Daughters of Eve” by Bryan Sykes