Key Issue 1: Where are the World’s Migrants Distributed? Chapter 3: Migration Key Issue 1: Where are the World’s Migrants Distributed?

Migration Migration: A permanent move to a new location Emigration: Migration FROM a location Immigration: Migration TO a location Mobility: Moving (a general term) Circulation: Short-term mobility, such as weekday commutes, college students, etc.

Circulation: short term, repetitive or cyclical movements. Going to school Net Migration: the difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants

Chapter 3, Figure 3.2 Labeled

Chapter 3, Figure 3.3 Labeled

International Net Migration International Migration: a permanent move from one country to another At a regional scale, the 3 larges flows of migrants are From Latin America to North America From South Asia to Europe From South Asia to Southwest Asia Migration to the U.S from Mexico is the largest flow from country to country. 2 types: Voluntary migration: migrant and chosen to move, usually for economic or environmental reasons Forced migration: migrants has been compelled to move by cultural or environmental factors.

International Net Migration

Migration Transition Geographer Wilbur Zelinsky Consists of changes in a society comparable to those in the DTM A change in migration pattern in a society that results from the social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition. According to migration transition, international migration is primarily in countries in stage 2.

Internal Migration Internal Migration: a permanent move within the same country Two types: Interregional migration: movement from one region of a country to another. Rural to Urban Intraregional migration: movement within one region Within urban areas. From older cities to suburbs.

Chapter 3, Figure 3.7 Labeled

Changing U.S. Immigration U.S had 3 main eras of immigration: Colonial settlement in the 17th and 18th centuries 1790: U.S Population = 3.9 million 62% came from Europe and over half of that came from the U.K and Ireland. Voluntary 38% had been shipped over as slaves from Sub-Saharan Africa Forced

Changing U.S Immigration Mass European immigration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Between 1820-1920, 32 million people immigrated to the U.S (90% from Europe) Germany has sent the largest number of immigrants to the U.S: 7.2 million 1840’s and 1850’s: From Ireland and Germany due to economic and political unrest 1870’s: From Ireland and Germany, emigration resumed following a temporary decline during the U.S Civil War 1880’s: From Scandinavia. The Industrial Revolution diffused to Scandinavia causing a rapid population increase. 1905-1914: From Southern and Eastern Europe, Industrial Revolution causing rapid population growth.

Changing U.S Immigration Asian and Latin American immigration in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Immigration into the used dropped sharply in the 1930’s and 1940’s due to the Great Depression and WWII Latin America: ½ million migrated to the U.S yearly. In 2006, Mexico passed Germany in most immigrants into the U.S ever. Asia: 7 million in the past half century. Rapid population growth limits economic opportunity

Where Do People Migrate Within a Country? Key Issue 2 Where Do People Migrate Within a Country?

Interregional Migration in the Utah States 1790: Hugging to Coast 1800-1840: Crossing the Appalachians 1850-1890: Rushing to the Gold 1900-1940: Filling in the Great plains 1950-2010: Moving South

Destination of Immigrants by U.S state

Interregional Migration Other examples to look at: Canada Russia China Brazil

Intraregional Migration Most common Developing countries: most from rural to urban area, due to the industrial revolution Developed countries: most from cities out to surrounding suburbs Due to suburbanization and wanting to live that suburb lifestyle Counterurbanization: net migration from urban to rural areas. A new trend in the late 20th century

Key Issue 3 Why Do People Migrate?

Why Do People Migrate? Most people migrate for economic reasons Cultural and environmental reasons are also included in migration Push Factor: induces people to move out of their present location Pull Factor: induces people to move into a new location

Cultural Reasons for Migrating Refugee: forced to migrate to another country to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights, or other disasters and cannot return for fear of persecution because of race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion. Internally displaced person: forced to migrated for similar political reasons as refugees but do not migrate across an international border Asylum Seeker: someone who has moved to another country in the hope of being recognized a refugee.

Environmental Reasons for Migrating Water Too much is flooding Too little causes desertification: deterioration of land to a desert like condition typically due to human action s Intervening obstacle: environmental or political feature that hinders migration Environments also draw people to live in certain areas

Migrating to Find Work Migrating from where there are no jobs to where there are jobs U.S and Canada are prominent destinations for economic migrants Relative attractiveness of a region can shift economic change The world’s largest sources of migrants in search of work emigrate from South and East Asia The rich oil-producing countries of Southwest Asia are major economic destinations. Remittance: The transfer of money by workers to people that live in the country from which they emigrated.

Gender and Age of Migrants Males were more likely than females to migrate long distances searching for work Females make up 55% of immigrants in the U.S and outnumber males in other developed countries. High percentage of women in the workforce, makes women want to come to that country Developed countries make it possible for women to join their husbands who have already immigrated In developing countries, males immigrants outnumber women Age: A relatively high number of immigrants are young adults between the ages of 20-39 Less likely to be over 65 and under 20

Why do Migrants Face Challenges? Key Issue 4 Why do Migrants Face Challenges?

Government Immigration Policies U.N Classifies countries according to 4 types of immigration policies 1. Maintain current level of immigration Increase the level Reduce the level No policy

Unauthorized Immigration Unauthorized immigrant: Those who enter the United States immigrate illegally because they enter the U.S without proper documents Preferred term by academic observers. More neutral term Undocumented immigrant preferred by some of the groups that advocate for more rights for these individuals Illegal alien: term preferred by some of the groups that favor tougher restrictions and enforcement of immigration law 11.3 million unauthorized immigrants living in the U.S in 2014. California and Texas has the largest number More than ½ come from Mexico 1 million are children, while in the country 4.5 million babies have been born to unauthorized immigrants In 2013, 61% of unauthorized immigrants had been living in the country for 10 years or longer 8 Million are employed in the U.S labor forced

U.S Quota Laws Quota: maximum limits on the number of people who could immigrate to the United States during a one-year period. Quota Act 1921 National Origins Act in 1924 1924: Each country that had native-born persons already living in the U.S, 2% could immigrate each year 1965: Hemisphere quotas: 170,000 from Eastern. 120,000 from Western. 1978: Global quota was set at 290,000. 20,000 per country. 1990: Global quota raised to 700,000

U.S Quota Laws The number of applicants for admission in to the U.S is WAY higher than the quotas. So congress set preferences: Family reunification Skilled workers Diversity

U.s-Mexico Border Issues 1,4951 miles long, barriers only cover ¼ Americans are divided on whether unauthorized migration helps or hurts the country Border patrols Americans want more effective border patrols but don’t want to spend lost of money 438,421 unauthorized immigrants deported in 2013 Workplace Unauthorized immigrants take jobs that no else wants They support a work-related program Civil Rights Favor verifying legal status of anyone but fear that deporting unauthorized immigrants violate the civil rights of U.S citizens Local Initiatives Most Americans believe it is the federal governments job to enforce immigration laws

Europe’s Immigration Crisis 14 European countries are countries with the highest per capita income, so the region attracts immigrants from poorer regions. Within Europe, most migrants flow from east to west Sailing across the Mediterranean into Europe

Europe’s Immigration Crisis Guest Worker: immigrants from poor countries are allowed to immigrate temporarily to obtain jobs 1960’s and 1970’s No longer used in Europe Circular Migration: temporary movement of a migrant worker between home and host countries to seek employment However, many guest workers stayed permanently in Europe Immigrants make up 8% of European population. Hostility towards immigrants is common, especially in political parties They fear the threat to centuries-old traditions and cultures