Circulatory & Respiratory Systems Chapter 30 Circulatory & Respiratory Systems

Introduction to transport Transport – move things from one place to another A life process carried out by all living things

Why is transport needed? To meet the needs of the cells Supply reactants Remove products

transport & homeostasis: Replaces materials that are used up, removes materials that build up

What is transported? Nutrients: where to where? From digestive system To cells

What is transported? Wastes are transported: From? Cells! To? excretory system

What is transported? What about Oxygen? From ? Lungs! To ? Cells!

What is transported? Carbon dioxide: From  cells To  lungs

What is transported? Heat: From  cells To  body surface

What is transported? Hormones: From  glands To  target tissue Complete the chart!

3 primary components of the human circulatory system…

The heart Pumps blood through the body Human heart is a 4-chambered, muscular organ

Blood Connective tissue made up of cells and liquid Carries substances as solutes

Blood vessels 3 types: Arteries Veins Capillaries

Arteries Veins Type Description Function Diagram Capillaries Thick-walled vessel. Blood is under pressure and flows 1 way Carries blood AWAY from heart to capillaries Carries blood from capillaries TOWARD heart Thinner vessel; contains valves Transports nutrients and O2 out of blood and waste diffuses in Thinnest blood vessel; narrow

Nice healthy artery!

Small healthy artery

Vein and artery cross section

Artery plugged with cholesterol

Capillary Cross Section

At artery end: blood pressure forces water and small molecules (nutrients and O2) into interstitial fluid At vein end: CO2, other waste, and water diffuse into the capillary

& now, the pesky Lymphatic System Turn to page 3 in your notes…

There are 2 main paths our hearts pump blood through in our bodies… the PULMONARY pumps O2 poor blood to the lungs the SYSTEMIC pumps O2 rich blood to everywhere else

Pulmonary circuit Right side of heart between heart and lungs Pulmonary artery – O2 poor Pulmonary vein – O2 rich

Systemic circuit From left side of heart heart to the rest of the body Arteries – O2 rich Veins – O2 poor

Systemic circuit Renal circulation From heart to kidneys

Systemic circuit Cranial circulation From heart to brain

Systemic circuit Hepatic circulation from heart to liver

Systemic circuit Coronary circulation Blood circulation around the heart

Anatomy of the Heart…

What Causes a Heart Attack?

A Human Heart

Atrium (atria) 2 upper chambers of the heart Right and left Fill ventricles

Right Atrium O2 depleted blood from the body enters the heart

Left Atrium O2 rich blood from the lungs enters heart here, through the ???

Ventricles 2 muscular lower chambers of the heart. PUMPS. Right to lungs left to everywhere else Separated by the septum

Right Ventricle Receives O2 poor blood from the right atrium. Pumps it to the lungs through ???

Left Ventricle Receives O2 rich blood from the left atrium Pumps it through the aorta to the rest of the body

Valves 1 way. Keep blood flowing in 1 direction Between the atria and ventricles Between the ventricles and arteries

cardiac muscle Left ventricle is largest – why? Pumps blood to entire body!!!

Braided heart muscle cells

Blood vessels of the heart

Vena cava Superior (from above) and inferior ( below) Transports O2 poor blood from body to the heart (which chamber?)

Pulmonary arteries Transports O2 poor blood away (arteries always ‘away’!) from the heart to the lungs

Pulmonary veins Carries O2 rich blood from the lungs to the heart (left atrium)

Aorta Largest artery Transports O2 rich blood (away from heart) to the rest of the body

S. VENA CAVA AORTA PULMONARY ARTERIES PULMONARY ARTERIES L. ATRIUM PULMONARY VEINS PULMONARY VEINS VALVE R. ATRIUM VALVE LEFT VENTRICLE VALVE I. VENA CAVA SEPTUM R. VENTRICLE

Regulation of the Heartbeat

Pacemaker In right atrium Regulates heartbeat Generates an electrical signal causing atria to contract

AV node AV node spreads the contraction to the ventricles

Pacemaker AV Node

Heartbeat Cycle Alternating contraction & relaxation of the heart muscle.

Heartbeat Cycle Diastole – ventricles are relaxed and atria contract (fill vent.’s) Low pressure in the arteries

Heartbeat Cycle Systole – atria relax. Ventricles contract High pres. in the arteries Blood forced into aorta & pulmonary artery

Heartbeat Cycle

Measuring Blood Pressure Measure of the expansion & relaxation of arteries Sphygmomanometer

Measuring Blood Pressure Systolic pressure over the diastolic pressure Average healthy adult is 120/80

Measuring Blood Pressure Pulse = pressure felt in arteries during systole.

Blood consists of cells suspended in plasma

Make-up of blood: Blood is the only liquid connective tissue in your body!!

Make-up of blood: 1. Plasma 55% of blood is plasma which is  90% water 10% dissolved salts, proteins, and other transported SOLUTES

Make-up of blood: 2. Red Blood Cells Carry O2 from lungs to tissues of the body Contains hemoglobin

Hemoglobin – protein that temporarily stores O2

Make-up of blood: 3. White Blood Cells Fight infections Number increase when you have an infection

Make-up of blood: 4. Platelets Small fragments of blood cells Responsible for clotting

And here’s all the parts together!

Make-up of blood: Clotting: Injury  platelets release fibrin, (a protein) Fibrin traps RBCs  cells+ fibrin plug leak, form scab

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the U.S.

Atherosclerosis Narrowing of arteries from plaque build up Mild case  chest pain Severe case  heart attack

Hypertension =High blood pressure Heart and vessels work harder Muscles expand over time and weaken

Stroke Blood clot forms in an artery in the brain Loss of oxygen damages part of the brain. Loss of that function

Review…

What is the path of blood through the circulatory system?

Let’s start with O2 poor blood: Vena cava  Right Atrium  Valve  Right Ventricle  Pulmonary Arteries 

Where do we exchange CO2 & O2 in the blood next? Capillaries of the Lungs!!

Now we have O2 rich blood… Pulmonary vein  Left atrium  Valve Left ventricle  Valve  Aorta

Where does the O2 rich blood go as it leaves the aorta? Rest of the body (systemic circuit)

Now what? Nutrients and O2 diffuse out of the capillaries (artery end) into the interstitial fluid Waste diffuses into the capillaries (venous end)

Final Step? Once again we have O2 poor blood that will travel back toward the heart and will be released by the vena cava into the right atrium

Circulatory system is done so take a deep breath….

Now think about what you just did: Where does O2 enter your body? Nose (& mouth)

Now think about what you just did: Where does O2 enter your blood stream? Capillaries in the Lungs

Now think about what you just did: Where does CO2 leave your body’s many tissues? Capillaries in those tissues

Anatomy of the Respiratory System… TEDed overview

Nasal Passages Lined with hair, mucous 3 functions: 1.) filter 2.) moisten, & 3.) warm the air

Pharynx Back of throat Where respiratory and digestive systems begin

Larynx “Voice box” bands of cartilage Vibrate when you exhale , produce sounds

Epiglottis That flap of cartilage that seals off the airway when you swallow

Trachea (Windpipe) Tubular . Cartilage rings Cilliated!

Lungs Right and left Sponge-like tissue O2, CO2 diffuses between air spaces and capillaries

? ? ?

Bronchi 2 branches off of the trachea Branch into many bronchioli Cartilage rings keep them from collapsing

Bronchioles Smaller & smaller branching tubes off of the bronchi “respiratory tree” Lead to alveoli

Bronchi Bronchioles

Alveoli Grape-like clusters of air sacs surrounded by capillaries, ‘respiratory surface’ where gasses are exchanged

Nasal Passages Pharynx Esophagus Trachea Epiglottis Larynx Lung Pleura membrane

Bronchiole Diaphragm Bronchi

Alveoli (plural) Alveolus (singular)

Blood vessels Capillaries Bronchiole Alveolus

Breathing Diaphragm: Dome shaped sheet of muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity

Inhalation: Diaphragm ‘down’ increases space, inflates lungs

Exhalation When diaphragm relaxes, it rises in the chest Lungs deflate, expelling air. How has the content changed?

Diaphragm relaxes, deflating the lungs

Rib cage assists inhalation, exhalation

What regulates breathing rate? CO2 concentration in the blood It is a function of the hypothalamus to measure, change.

breathing CO2 CO2 breathing What type of feedback is this?

O2 + Hemoglobin combine to form oxyhemoglobin How O2 transport works O2 + Hemoglobin combine to form oxyhemoglobin

CO2 transport most CO2 combines with H2O to form bicarbonate ions (H2CO3) in the blood plasma

Remember Pulmonary Circulation (heart to lungs)?

Respiratory System Diseases…

Emphysema A change in the structure of the lung Alveoli become inelastic and degenerate

Lung Cancer Tumors form in the lungs

Asthma Allergic response  constriction of bronchial tubes

Pneumonia Alveoli fill with fluid

Bronchitis Inflammation of the bronchial tubes