V. Bhatnagar, EC, Brussels, ADSR, Manchester, UK, 08 Sep 2008

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V. Bhatnagar, EC, Brussels, ADSR, Manchester, UK, 08 Sep 2008 EURATOM Framework Programme Activities in Partitioning & Transmutation and Advanced Reactor Systems Ved BHATNAGAR European Commission Brussels e-mail:Ved.Bhatnagar@ec.europa.eu V. Bhatnagar, EC, Brussels, ADSR, Manchester, UK, 08 Sep 2008

V. Bhatnagar, EC, Brussels, ADSR, Manchester, UK, 08 Sep 2008 OUTLINE EU Energy Concerns and Strategy Euratom Research Framework Programs (FPs) FP7 (2007-2011)* FP6 (2002-2006) P&T and Advanced System Activities Impact of P&T on Waste Management Conclusions ____________ *Extension of FP7 to 2013 with additional 2-year budget is most likely V. Bhatnagar, EC, Brussels, ADSR, Manchester, UK, 08 Sep 2008

V. Bhatnagar, EC, Brussels, ADSR, Manchester, UK, 08 Sep 2008 EU Energy Concerns Energy is the driver of economic growth and prosperity Energy concerns have been a permanent feature of the European reconstruction Two of the three European treaties deal with energy: European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) Paris 1951 European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM) Rome 1957 V. Bhatnagar, EC, Brussels, ADSR, Manchester, UK, 08 Sep 2008

V. Bhatnagar, EC, Brussels, ADSR, Manchester, UK, 08 Sep 2008 Energy OBJECTIVE Transforming the current fossil-fuel based energy system into a more sustainable one based on a diverse portfolio of energy sources and carriers combined with enhanced energy efficiency, to address the pressing challenges of security of supply and climate change, whilst increasing the competitiveness of Europe’s energy industry. V. Bhatnagar, EC, Brussels, ADSR, Manchester, UK, 08 Sep 2008

V. Bhatnagar, EC, Brussels, ADSR, Manchester, UK, 08 Sep 2008 EU Energy Strategy Implementation of EU energy strategy requires research and development of new technologies in a variety of areas. Framework Programs of the European Union have been a very fruitful tool to channel Member States’ common research funds in areas of European–wide interest especially where European added value dominates. The technologies developed in Europe can be used or adapted by EU industry to meet the needs of other countries. International collaboration is an important policy element of the EU Framework Programs. V. Bhatnagar, EC, Brussels, ADSR, Manchester, UK, 08 Sep 2008

V. Bhatnagar, EC, Brussels, ADSR, Manchester, UK, 08 Sep 2008 EU Research There are at present 27 member nations* in the EU. The principal framework of research in EU is national. EU framework program (FP) of research is only about 6% of total public financial effort of the entire EU. The fragmentation, isolation and disparity of regulatory and administrative systems lowers the impact of investment in research, but it is being constantly improved through the establishment of a ‘European Research Area’ (ERA). _____________________________________ * AT, BE, DK, FI, FR, EL, DE, IE, IT, LU, NL, PT, ES, SE, UK, and Cyprus, Czech Rep, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Bulgaria and Romania. V. Bhatnagar, EC, Brussels, ADSR, Manchester, UK, 08 Sep 2008

The European Research Area (ERA) Aim Mutual Opening up of Programmes among Member States Achieve greater co-operation between Member States’ research strategy and develop consistent long-term research policy Implement coherent research activity involving all major players in EU in a given area to achieve well defined goals Bring its research effort on par with competitors V. Bhatnagar, EC, Brussels, ADSR, Manchester, UK, 08 Sep 2008

Euratom Framework Programs European Community research has been organised in Framework Programmes (FP) of durations of 4-5 years since 1984. FP3: 1990-94, FP4: 1994-98, FP5: 1998-02 FP6: 2002-06 FP7: 2007-11 (possibly to 2013) Organisation of Euratom Activities is as follows: Fusion Energy Research Nuclear Fission and Radiation Protection Nuclear Activities of EC Joint Research Centre (JRC)* _____ * Activities implemented by JRC are known as ‘direct actions’. V. Bhatnagar, EC, Brussels, ADSR, Manchester, UK, 08 Sep 2008

EURATOM Framework Programs Budget FP6 FP7 (2002-06) (2007-11) M€ M€ Fusion Energy Res 824 1947 Fission & Rad Prot 209 287 JRC’s Nuclear Activity 319 517 ____ ____ Total 1352 2751 V. Bhatnagar, EC, Brussels, ADSR, Manchester, UK, 08 Sep 2008

EURATOM FP7 (2007-11) Nuclear Fission & Radiation Protection Geological disposal of long-lived radioactive waste and the reduction of toxicity of radioactive waste through partitioning & transmutation Key cross-cutting activities: - Support for research infrastructures - retaining competences and know-how in all areas of nuclear science Operational safety of existing reactor systems and the potential of future reactor systems for safer, more efficient power plants and competitive nuclear industry Radiation protection – especially risks from low doses, medical uses, emergency management and mitigation of the impact of radiological terrorism V. Bhatnagar, EC, Brussels, ADSR, Manchester, UK, 08 Sep 2008

Technology Platforms in Support of Framework Programs Technology Platforms: Central Concept A framework to unite stakeholders around: a common “vision” for the technology concerned mobilisation of a critical mass of research and innovation effort definition of a Strategic Research Agenda V. Bhatnagar, EC, Brussels, ADSR, Manchester, UK, 08 Sep 2008

Technology Platforms: Approach Wide stakeholder base - industry, public authorities, research community, financial community, standardisation bodies, regulators, civil society, consumers / end-users Mobilisation of public and private funding - national, regional and private research funding, Community Framework Programmes, Structural Funds, European Investment Bank Education, training, communication, dissemination V. Bhatnagar, EC, Brussels, ADSR, Manchester, UK, 08 Sep 2008

V. Bhatnagar, EC, Brussels, ADSR, Manchester, UK, 08 Sep 2008 Sustainable Nuclear Energy (SNE)-TP (Pradel, Sep. 2007) The first task that the Platform will address in the coming months is the elaboration of the Strategic Research Agenda. This research road-map will address the R&D for light water reactors, for Gen. IV fast neutron reactors with closed fuel cycle, as well as the R&D for the VHTR and its applications. These road-maps will necessarily interact with the research carried out in other initiatives. Of course, the platform will coordinate Europe’s contribution to Generation IV International Forum. With respect to research into waste management, interactions with the group of waste agencies will need to be further developed, to ensure that solutions for waste disposal take into account the latest developments in processing and conditioning of waste. And the platform also needs to ensure that its R&D in the area of Very High Temperature reactor technologies and applications, meets the needs of hydrogen, biofuels and syn-fuels users. V. Bhatnagar, EC, Brussels, ADSR, Manchester, UK, 08 Sep 2008

Some High-Level Nuclear Energy Activities in the EU Sustainable Nuclear Energy Technology Platform (SNE-TP) (Launched September 2007) Gov. Board, Exec. Committee, Secretariat, Gen. Assembly Working Groups: Strategic Research Agenda, Deployment Strategy, Funding, Education and Training Link Technical Safety Organisations and Member States Mirror Group A European Strategic Energy Technology plan (set-plan): 'Towards a low carbon future' EC Communication 10 Jan 2007: ‘Energy Package’ Support of Council obtained in March 2007 Further EC Communication in Nov. 2007 (Technology and Infrastructure roadmap). European Nuclear Energy Forum (Bratislava and Prague) (ENEF) (Launched Autumn 2007) Opportunities and risks of nuclear energy (Discussion with all stakeholders) V. Bhatnagar, EC, Brussels, ADSR, Manchester, UK, 08 Sep 2008

Management of Radioactive Waste in FP7 OBJECTIVES Implementation-oriented R&D on all remaining key aspects of deep geological disposal of spent fuel and long-lived radioactive waste and, as appropriate, demonstration on technologies and safety and to underpin the development of a common European view on the main issues related to management and disposal of waste Research on Partitioning and Transmutation and/or other concepts aimed at reducing the amount and or hazard of the waste disposal V. Bhatnagar, EC, Brussels, ADSR, Manchester, UK, 08 Sep 2008

V. Bhatnagar, EC, Brussels, ADSR, Manchester, UK, 08 Sep 2008 Reactor Systems in FP7 OBJECTIVES Safety of Nuclear Installations Continued safe operation of all relevant types of existing reactor systems (including fuel-cycle facilities) Lifetime extension Development of new advanced safety assessment methodologies (both technical and human element) Prevention and mitigation of severe accidents Advanced nuclear systems: Improve efficiency of advanced systems and fuels and collaborate with the Generation IV International Forum Assess potential, proliferation resistance and long-term sustainability including upstream research activities (especially material science), the fuel cycle and innovative fuels and waste management aspects of selected advanced reactor systems V. Bhatnagar, EC, Brussels, ADSR, Manchester, UK, 08 Sep 2008

Cross-cutting Activities in FP7 OBJECTIVES Infrastructures To support the availability of, and cooperation between, research infrastructures necessary to maintain high standards of technical achievement, innovation and safety in the European nuclear sector Activities: e.g. Pilot/test facilities for P & T, MTRs, URLs etc Human resources and training To support the retention and further development of scientific competence and human capacity in order to guarantee the availability of suitably qualified researchers and employees in the nuclear sector over the long term Activities: Training and mobility of researchers in all areas of nuclear science V. Bhatnagar, EC, Brussels, ADSR, Manchester, UK, 08 Sep 2008

R&D in Partitioning and Transmutation in FP7 Objective Investigate ways of reducing the amount and/or hazard of the waste by P & T or other techniques Activities RTD in all areas of P&T to develop pilot facilities for the most advanced partitioning processes and transmutation technologies involving sub-critical and critical systems. Explore the potential of concepts that produce less waste in nuclear energy generation including the more efficient use of fissile material in existing reactors. V. Bhatnagar, EC, Brussels, ADSR, Manchester, UK, 08 Sep 2008

EURATOM P&T Budget over several FPs TBD 43.5 28 4.8 5.8 V. Bhatnagar, EC, Brussels, ADSR, Manchester, UK, 08 Sep 2008

FP5 Projects on Partitioning and Transmutation (ADOPT) FUETRA Cluster:(3.9 M€) CONFIRM THORIUM CYCLE FUTURE PARTITION Cluster: (5 M€) PYROREP PARTNEW CALIXPART PDS-XADS (6 M€) PRELIMINARY DESIGN STUDIES FOR AN EXPERIMENTAL ADS BASTRA cluster: (6.5 M€) MUSE HINDAS N - TOF -ND - ADS TESTRA Cluster: (6.2 M€) SPIRE • TECLA MEGAPIE-TEST • ASCHLIM Total EC budget =27.6 M€ V. Bhatnagar, EC, Brussels, ADSR, Manchester, UK, 08 Sep 2008

V. Bhatnagar, EC, Brussels, ADSR, Manchester, UK, 08 Sep 2008 FP6 Projects on P&T P&T Roadmap PATEROS Transmutation of High Level Nuclear Waste in an ADS EUROTRANS System Analysis of an ADS: Integrated design Cost, safety and licensing issues Reliability of accelerators for ADS Experiment: Coupling of ADS components Materials and coolant technologies Advanced fuel and Targets Basic nuclear data Education and Training Critical Systems & Technologies ELSY-LFR PUMA-HTR Impact of P&T on Waste Management RED-IMPACT Partitioning Technologies EUROPART Innovative Fuels LWR-DEPUTY Nuclear Data EFNUDAT • CANDIDE NUDAME Networking HLM EU Infrastructures VELLA V. Bhatnagar, EC, Brussels, ADSR, Manchester, UK, 08 Sep 2008

EURATOM FP6 P&T Projects Underway

EURATOM FP6 Advanced Reactor Systems and Cross Cutting Projects underway

EURATOM FP6 Reactor Safety Projects underway

EURATOM FP7 P&T and Advanced Reactor Systems Projects

V. Bhatnagar, EC, Brussels, ADSR, Manchester, UK, 08 Sep 2008 P&T and Advanced Systems Planned Topics for FP7-2009 and 2010 Call for Proposals FP7-2009 Call Improved Nuclear Data for Advanced Reactor Systems Thermal Hydraulic Issues and Computational Fluid Dynamics Codes for Advanced Reactors Conceptual Design for Lead and Gas Cooled Fast Reactor Systems FP7-2010 Call Reliability and Efficiency of High-Power Proton Accelerator Components and System Design for Continuous Operation of Transmutation Devices Support Experiments for Validation of Design Activities of Critical and Sub-critical Lead-Cooled Fast Spectrum Transmutation Facilities Fuel and Cladding for Advanced Reactors and Transmutation Devices V. Bhatnagar, EC, Brussels, ADSR, Manchester, UK, 08 Sep 2008

V. Bhatnagar, EC, Brussels, ADSR, Manchester, UK, 08 Sep 2008 Reliability and Efficiency of High-Power Proton Accelerator Components and System Design for CW Operation of Transmutation Devices The objective of the research activity is to design and develop advanced components for a high-power proton beam linear accelerator that can operate with only a very few, say 2-4, interruptions per month. The scope of activities for achieving the above goal should be targeted toward a Development of reliable linear accelerator components in low, medium and high-energy sections Appropriate design techniques for reliable and advanced digital RF control systems Advanced detection techniques of beam interruptions and component breakdown with automatic switching to standby duplicated components to provide the beam uninterrupted Development of fault-tolerance concepts, modular designs with redundancies and operation of precision components in under-rated conditions Develop advanced maintenance techniques via standardization, optimal accessibility of components for replacement in the plant and Testing and operation of an integrated system for a feasibility demonstration of the above objective. V. Bhatnagar, EC, Brussels, ADSR, Manchester, UK, 08 Sep 2008

Conceptual Roadmap for Industrial Deployment of P&T and LFR (To be merged with SNE-TP) 2015-2035 ADS/LFR : AR–PU + AFF–PU Aux 2 PWR SPENT FUEL Aux 1 1998-2015 RE-PROCESSING + FUELS 2025-2050 ADS/LFR: AR–IU + AFF–IU Aux 3 1998-2010 CONCEPTUAL DESIGN + TEST FACILITIES 2010-2024 ADS / LFR EXPERIMENTAL REACTOR Step 1 2015-2035 ADS/LFR DEMONSTRATION REACTOR Step 2 1998-2015 MATERIALS + COOLANTS Aux 1 ADS : Accelerator Driven System FR : Fast Reactor MA : Minor Actinides AR : Advanced Reprocessing AFF : Advanced Fuel Fabrication PU : Pilot Unit IU : Industrial Unit 2025-2050 ADS/LFR : INDUSTRIAL DEPLOYMENT Step 3 V. Bhatnagar, EC, Brussels, ADSR, Manchester, UK, 08 Sep 2008

Waste Management Strategy for sustainability of nuclear energy ‘BURN or BURY’ ? Partitioning and transmutation (P&T) Geological disposal (GD) ←P&T GD→ Once-through cycle (‘disposal of spent fuel as it is’) is not sustainable! Reprocessing leads the way towards sustainability of nuclear energy! Burning of MA reduces 'radio-toxic inventory' of the ‘buried’ waste and reduces risks in case of a 'human intrusion‘: (inadvertent or advertent grave diggers’ and proliferation risks). Both vectors (Burn and Bury) are necessary and complimentary. Their relative magnitude is a matter of hot debate! V. Bhatnagar, EC, Brussels, ADSR, Manchester, UK, 08 Sep 2008

Waste Management Strategy for sustainability of nuclear energy ‘BURN or BURY’ ? Separation of main heavy metals reduces the volume and thermal output and extraction of heat-bearing (Sr and Cs) components permits a reduction in the needed size of the repository. Transmutation can reduce the half-life of most of the waste to be buried to a couple of hundred years overcoming the concerns of the public related to the long-life of the waste thus aiding the ‘burying lobby’ in securing a 'broadly agreed political consensus' of waste disposal in geological repositories. Additional cost, additional secondary waste, activation products and ILW and dose to workers in the process of reprocessing and Transmutation itself will contribute to defining an optimal transmutation scheme. P&T has an added value of training many researchers in nuclear science and contributes to retaining of competence. Though the maximum eventual ‘dose' to human beings from a geological repository is likely to be due to fission products, some evidence is appearing that minor actinides are also mobile. V. Bhatnagar, EC, Brussels, ADSR, Manchester, UK, 08 Sep 2008

Waste Management Strategy for sustainability of nuclear energy ‘BURN or BURY’ ? Generation IV safe advanced nuclear reactor concepts that burn waste and produce fuel for further use are gaining increased attention as a possible future course of action. It is clear that reprocessing of the spent fuel for a sustainable nuclear energy and fuel cycle would be required no matter what path of transmutation is followed. Efforts for the advanced partitioning processes should be reinforced towards pilot and test facilities for optimised separation processes in close cooperation with fuel fabrication teams and geological disposal (GD) community. The GD community should embrace the opportunity offered by P&T to ease the acceptance of geological repositories by society and make the best use of accepted sites by removal of long-lived and heat producing radio-nuclides from the waste. The GD community should especially take into account the requirements and accommodate the waste streams emanating from the advanced (minor-actinide) reprocessing systems with a view to transmutation whether in sub-critical or critical devices. V. Bhatnagar, EC, Brussels, ADSR, Manchester, UK, 08 Sep 2008

V. Bhatnagar, EC, Brussels, ADSR, Manchester, UK, 08 Sep 2008 Conclusions We should no longer discuss ‘The future of P&T’ ‘P&T is the future!’ (hyperbole) P&T is essential for the sustainability of nuclear energy (more realistic) Geological disposal (GD) is indispensable Thus, both vectors ‘Burn and Bury’ are required for sustainability of nuclear energy GD and P&T (Advanced Fuel Cycle) communities should work together for the future of nuclear energy! V. Bhatnagar, EC, Brussels, ADSR, Manchester, UK, 08 Sep 2008