Multiple benefits of energy efficiency Fuel poverty and climate action Dublin, 6 March 2017 Brenda Boardman Not only can, but must tackle fuel poverty and climate change together Stress why fp does not = poverty 317,000 in 2009, ~20% of households Dorothy Watson & Bertrand Maitre of the Economic and Social Research Institute, in a working paper published in mid-2015, deprivation ~ energy poverty. Wrong.

} { Affordable warmth 10% of income for all energy services Energy efficiency of the dwelling 24 hour mean internal temperature of 18°C (+ other energy services) Affordable warmth = opposite of fuel poverty Really about ee – need poorest to be in most ee

Heating expenditure for a low income, pensioner couple in council accommodation Present €6.65 For adequate warmth a) existing poorly insulated home poor heating system €16.15 + €9.50 efficient heating system €10.35 + €3.70 b) well insulated home What capital expenditure can achieve in one house Ignore actual numbers = old, but look at relationships efficient heating system €5.65 - €1.00

Low income + poor housing High income Energy inefficient housing Tackle worst homes and poorest people first. fuel poverty results from a combination of low income and energy inefficient housing. Schematic, based on EHCS 1996, energy report, p129 (ie England 1996) = actual housing stock ie 25% most energy efficient are the top quartile of the stock, not some theoretical number Colour = severity, red approx >20% of income Those in most severe fp are in worst housing Half in fuel poverty in this graphic, ie the situation in NI. Smaller % in England (fewer squares) Energy efficient housing

Households in fuel poverty by BER category Element Energy p20, an Objective analysis of fuel poverty in Ireland Focus on G

Defining fuel poverty vs identifying fuel poor Lot of options for definition OK for modelling, often useless on the doorstep Monitoring and delivery are two very different tasks Start with how to identify and who does it, eg Individual properties (low rating) Individual people / households (eg ill health) Areas of deprivation (area based) Need modelling to identify scale of the problem, but if cannot identify, so money is not spent / spent on the wrong people, that does not help. Self-referral – only for the assertive July 3, 2018 Presentation title, edit in header and footer (view menu)

Fuel poverty and health Strong links between mental and physical ill health and fuel poverty Tackling fuel poverty a key preventative measure Work with health service for referrals – they know the people and their addresses, you don’t Or doctor’s surgeries to identify areas of concentrated ill health Don’t expect health services to pay for measures Gentoo https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/NG6/chapter/What-is-this-guideline-about National Institute for Health and Care excellence

Multiple benefits of energy efficiency Use the benefits that your audience is most interested in: Macro-energy policy and govt IEA 2014 Presentation title, edit in header and footer (view menu) July 3, 2018

Synergies: fuel poverty and climate change Both about capital investment Upgrade homes to super energy-efficient, low-carbon (A1/B2) Climate change @ 50,000 pa x 32 years Fuel poverty @ 50,000 pa x 6 years Get all homes en route for A or B rated. 1.6m households in Ireland, for cc do at 50,000 pa x 32 years 317,000 fp in Ireland = 6 years @ 50,000 A1/B1 on BER scale ? 32 years includes 6 years 0.75m x 36 years = 27 million UK homes by 2050, to comply with the Climate Change Act 2008 obligation Need to achieve as high a standard as possible on first visit, as don’t want to go to many homes a second time. What rate for fuel poverty? What timescale? We did have a target of 2016, under Warm Homes and Energy Conservation Act 2000. Failed abysmally. Should not automatically accept a new date of (say) 2030, as the forthcoming strategy will probably propose. Why should the fuel poor have to suffer for another 14 years? If each upper tier LA (all 150 of them) in England upgrades 6,500 properties pa (to a SAP 81, ie a lower standard than SAP 100) 6,500 x 150 upper tier LA, x 5 years = 4.84m in England We could have dealt with all the worst housing in 5 years. ie nearly 1m pa whole country This is only slightly faster (to a lower standard) than is required for our climate change obligations. GO FOR IT.

Which policies: regulation or money? Regulate – mandatory minimum standards, all tenures, over time Or grants for those with no money Are you giving grants to poor people, even when they have rich landlords? Or are you making the rich landlord improve the property?

Raising the money for grants Is this from general taxation, via The Treasury? Progressive, as poor often pay no tax Or is it being funded by the utilities, via all customers? Regressive, fuel poor contribute, whether or not they benefit Recycle money from fuel allowances? How quickly will you upgrade all fuel poor homes? To what standard? So, what is the budget?

How to deliver? Area-based approaches The most-trusted agency = local authority Takes responsibility for delivery Manages installers Works with community groups Provides single point of contact for housing and health So, give each local authority the duty to reduce fuel poverty

Thank you Brenda.Boardman@ouce.ox.ac.uk