Note to Instructor: Internet connection is required to access media assets. No connection? Request a CD/DVD for Wiley owned CyberPsych assets. The following Media-Enriched PowerPoint slides include the core concepts and key terms of Chapter 7 in Visualizing Psychology. Before presenting these slides, delete all instructor information slides by pressing “delete” on your keyboard. These slides also include links to simulations, animations, and resources on the World Wide Web (www). Please return to this Instructor Companion Site for frequent updates and replacements of broken links. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Note to Instructor (Continued): Media-Rich Assets WWW Links are dispersed throughout the PowerPoint slides where appropriate and are indicated by this icon: CyberPsych: Animations are Wiley owned and placed throughout this presentation. The animations are indicated by this icon: CyberPsych: Psychology in the News Video Clips are also Wiley owned and placed throughout this presentation. The video clips are indicated by this icon: ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Note to Instructor (Continued): If you prefer a different background color or design, click on the upper right corner under “design” and select an alternative template. To further personalize and enrich your presentation, check the Visualizing Psychology Instructor Companion Site at www.wiley.com/college/carpenter for supplemental figures, tables, key terms, etc. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Note to Instructor (Continued): Each topic on the Lecture Outline slide (#6) has been linked for your convenience. When in “presentation mode,” simply click on the topic and you will link directly to the slide(s) of interest. Finally, the last slide of each topic includes a “home” icon , which will return you to the original Lecture Outline slide. This feature enables you to present chapter topics in any order. Ease of navigation and flexibility in presentation are key elements of an enriched PowerPoint presentation. Enjoy! ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Visualizing Psychology by Siri Carpenter & Karen Huffman PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation Chapter 7: Memory Siri Carpenter, Yale University Karen Huffman, Palomar College ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Lecture Overview The Nature of Memory Biological Bases of Memory Forgetting Memory Distortions ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

The Nature of Memory Memory: internal record or representation of some prior event or experience Memory is also a constructive process, in which we actively organize and shape information as it is processed, stored, and retrieved. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

The Nature of Memory— Four Memory Models ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

The Nature of Memory— Four Memory Models (Continued) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

The Nature of Memory— Description of Four Memory Models 1. Information Processing Approach: memory is a process analogous to a computer, which encodes, stores, and retrieves information ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

The Nature of Memory— Description of Four Memory Models (Continued) 2. Parallel Distributed Processing Model: memory is distributed across a network of interconnected units that work simultaneously (in a parallel fashion) to process information ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

The Nature of Memory— Description of Four Memory Models (Continued) 3. Levels of Processing Approach: memory depends on the degree or depth of mental processing occurring when material is initially encountered 4. Traditional Three-Stage Memory Model: memory requires three different storage boxes to hold and process information for various lengths of time ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Diagram of Three-Stage Memory Model ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Pause and Reflect: Check & Review The _____ sees memory as a process similar to a computer. Which of the four major memory models best explains how you can wash dishes, wave to your neighbor, and talk to your friend on the phone all at the same time? ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

The Nature of Memory— Description of Three Stage Memory Model Sensory Memory: first memory stage that briefly preserves a relatively exact replica of sensory information Sensory memory has a large capacity but information only lasts a few seconds. Selected information is sent on to short-term memory. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Sperling’s Experiment with Sensory Memory When flashed an arrangement of 12 letters for 1/20 of a second, most people can only recall 4 or 5. Sperling proved all 12 letters were available in sensory memory if they can be attended to quickly. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

The Nature of Memory— Three Stage Memory Model (Continued) Short-Term Memory (STM): second memory stage that temporarily stores sensory information and decides whether to send it on to long-term memory (LTM) STM can hold 5-9 items for about 30 seconds before they are forgotten. STM capacity can be increased with chunking. STM duration improves with maintenance rehearsal. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Three parts of working memory: visuospatial sketchpad STM, also called working memory, is much more than just a passive, temporary holding area. Three parts of working memory: visuospatial sketchpad central executive phonological loop ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

The Nature of Memory— Three Stage Memory Model (Continued) Long-Term Memory (LTM): relatively permanent memory storage with a virtually limitless capacity ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Types of Long-Term Memories ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Improving Long-Term Memory (LTM) LTM can be improved with: Organization Elaborative Rehearsal Retrieval Cues Recognition Recall ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

An Example of Elaborative Rehearsal Understanding and memory may be enhanced by elaborating on previously known information (e.g., using knowledge of geography to better understand history) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

An Example of Recognition Vs. Recall Research shows people are better at recognizing photos of previous high school classmates than recalling their names. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

A Test for Recall: Can You Write Down the Names of Santa’s Nine Reindeer? ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Now Try Recognizing the Names . . . A) Rudolph B) Dancer C) Cupid D) Lancer E) Comet F) Vixen G) Blitzen H) Crasher I) Donner J) Prancer K) Sunder L) Thunder M) Dasher N) Donder ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

The names of Santa’s Nine Reindeer are indicated with ** H) Crasher I) Donner J) Prancer** K) Sunder L) Thunder M) Dasher** N) Donder** A) Rudolph** B) Dancer** C) Cupid** D) Lancer E) Comet** F) Vixen** G) Blitzen** ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Pause and Reflect: Check & Review Why is short-term memory (STM) also called “working memory”? Elaborative rehearsal helps improve _____ memory, whereas ______ rehearsal improves short-term memory (STM). ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Biological Bases of Memory Biological changes in neurons facilitate memory through long-term potentiation (LTP), which happens in at least two ways: repeated stimulation of a synapse strengthens the synapse, and neuron’s ability to release its neurotransmitters is increased or decreased. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Biological Bases of Memory (Continued) Hormones also affect memory (e.g., flashbulb memories--vivid and lasting images are associated with surprising or strongly emotional events). ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Where Are Memories Located? Memory tends to be localized and distributed throughout the brain--not just the cortex. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Biology and Memory Loss: Injury and Disease Amnesia: memory loss from brain injury or trauma Retrograde amnesia: old memories lost Anterograde amnesia: new memories lost ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Biology and Memory Loss: Injury and Disease (Continued) Alzheimer’s Disease (AD): progressive mental deterioration characterized by severe memory loss ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Forgetting: How Quickly Do We Forget? Ebbinghaus found: forgetting occurs most rapidly immediately after learning. relearning takes less time than initial learning. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Why Do We Forget? Five Key Theories Decay Interference Motivated Forgetting Encoding Failure Retrieval Failure ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Five Theories of Forgetting (Continued) 1. Decay Theory: memory degrades with time 2. Interference Theory: one memory competes (interferes) with another Retroactive Interference (new information interferes with old) Proactive Interference (old information interferes with new) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Two Forms of Interference ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Five Theories of Forgetting (Continued) 3. Motivated Forgetting: motivation to forget unpleasant, painful, threatening, or embarrassing memories 4. Encoding Failure: information in STM is not encoded in LTM 5. Retrieval Failure: memories stored in LTM are momentarily inaccessible (tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

A Test for Encoding: Can You Identify the Actual Penny? ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Overcoming Problems with Forgetting Serial Position Effect: remembering material at the beginning and end of the list better than material in the middle Source Amnesia: forgetting the true source of a memory ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Overcoming Problems with Forgetting (Continued) Sleeper Effect: information from an unreliable source, which was initially discounted, later gains credibility because source is forgotten Spacing of Practice: distributed practice is better than massed practice ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Pause and Reflect: Check & Review You remember material from the first and last of the chapter better than material in the middle. This is a good example of the _____ effect. The _____ of forgetting best explains why you forgot the name of a previous employer who gave you a bad performance evaluation. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Memory Distortions Why do we distort our memories? Need to maintain logic and consistency. Need to shape and construct our memories because it is more efficient to do so. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Memory and the Criminal Justice System Two memory problems with profound legal implications: Eyewitness Testimony-- very persuasive but can be flawed Repressed Memories— considerable debate as to whether recovered memories are accurate or repressed ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Pause and Reflect: Why Study Psychology? Psychological research conducts basic research, which helps us describe and understand our own and others’ memory processes. This basic research also leads to applied research that shows us how to improve our sensory, short-term, and long-term memory. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Tips for Memory Improvement Three Popular Mneumonics Method of Loci Peg-word Method of Word Associations ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Visualizing Psychology by Siri Carpenter & Karen Huffman PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation End of Chapter 7: Memory Siri Carpenter, Yale University Karen Huffman, Palomar College ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology