CHE2060 2: Simple structures, functional groups Topics Drawing molecular structures Arrow formalism & molecular framework Introduction to alkanes Isomers IUPAC naming of alkanes Alkyl halides & cycloalkanes Functional groups: where the action is Alkenes: hydrocarbons with > one double bond Alkynes: hydrocarbons with > one triple bond Alkene isomers: who’s across that double bond? Arenes Organohalogens Using molecular formulas Daley & Daley, Chapter 2 Organic Nomenclature & Functional Groups

Functional groups: where the action is

Common functional groups compoundinterestchem.com

Common functional groups You can think of building bio- molecules as: Creating a C scaffold (molecular shape) Adding functional groups (to create function) D&D p.97-100

Basic functional groups Functional groups are the heart and soul or organic chemistry. They do all the magic and the molecular framework is merely their staging. Functional groups change the physical & chemical properties of their “hosts”. smallest functional parts of larger molecules Each functional group has specific chemical characteristics & behaviors. | - C - OH | | | - C - O - C - | | | - C - NH2 | | | - C - C - | | - C = C - = alcohol ether primary amine C = C alkane alkene alkyne arene | - C - SH - C = N = nitrile thiol O || - C - H O | || | - C - C - C - | | O || - C - OH O || | - C - O - C - | O || - C - NH2 | | - C - S - C - | | primary amide aldehyde carboxylic acid ester ketone thioether D&D p.72-73

Polarity & reactivity of functional groups Functional group reactivity increases as polarity increases. Rank polarity and likely reactivity: within groups; and Between groups. polar Which of these? less All are non-polar Reactivity | - C – O - H | | | - C - O - C - | | | - C - NH2 | least reactive .. .. .. .. .. | | - C - C - | | alcohol ether primary amine C = C - C = C - = Nearly non- polar alkene = alkane alkyne arene | - C – S - H - C = N: .. nitrile .. Which of these? thiol :O: || - C - H :O: | || | - C - C - C - | | :O: || - C – O - H :O: || | - C - O - C - | :O: || - C - NH2 | | - C - S - C - | | .. .. .. .. .. .. .. primary amide aldehyde carboxylic acid ester ketone thioether D&D p.72-73

Adding functional groups to hydrocarbons Find & name the functional groups: alcohol carboxylic acid methyl Alkene ketone arene alcohol nitro ether arene alkyne nitrile D&D p.97-100

Examples: identify the functional groups Find and name the functional groups: Oxetanocin: derived from a bacterium & used to fight HIV H&P p.8 - 12