The Brain By Khaled Na3im Part I

Nervous System  CNS (central nervous system)  PNS Brain Spinal Cord (peripheral nervous system) Peripheral Nerve + Ganglion ANS ( autonomic nervous system )

The Brain The brain includes :  Cerebrum (cerebral hemisphere)  Diencephalon  Cerebellum  Brainstem

Embryonic (developmental) divisions of the Brain telencephalon Cerebral cortex Cerebral white matter Basal ganglia metencephalon Cerebellum Pons Primary vesicle Secondary vesicle Derivatives Prosencephalon diencephalon Thalamus Hypothalamus Subthalamus Epithalamus Mesencephalon mesencephalon Midbrain Rhombencephalon myelencephalon Medulla oblongata

Inner Structures of the Brain Basal ganglia Thalamus Hypothalamus Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata

Cerebrum – Cerebral Hemisphere Telencephalic structure –lateral ventricles Cerebral Cortex - lobes, gyrus & sulcus 2. Cerebral White Matter (medullary center) 3. Basal Ganglia

Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex (lateral surface) Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Temporal Lobe Occipital lobe Limbic lobe

Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex (medial surface) Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Temporal Lobe Occipital lobe Limbic lobe

Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex (basal surface) Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Temporal Lobe Occipital lobe Limbic lobe

Gyri of the Frontal Lobe Lateral Surface Precentral Gyrus --- primary motor area Superior Frontal Gyrus Middle Frontal Gyrus Inferior Frontal Gyrus Pars Opercularis Pars Triangularis Pars Orbitalis Medial Surface Medial Frontal Gyrus Paracentral Lobule Basal Surface Rectus Gyrus Orbital Gyrus ] Broca’s area (dominant hemisphere)

Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (Lateral Surface)

Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (Lateral Surface) Broca’s area Pars Opercularis Pars Triangularis Pars Orbitalis

Motor Homunculus

Broca’s Area Pars triangularis and pars opercularis of the inferior frontal gyrus of dominant hemisphere. Photograph of the brain of Broca’s patient called “Tan” (real name is Leborgne).

Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (Medial Surface)

Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (basal surface)

Gyri of the Parietal Lobe Lateral Surface Postcentral Gyrus ---- primary somesthetic area Superior Parietal Lobule Inferior Parietal Lobule ---- Wernicke’s area Supramarginal Gyrus Angular Gyrus Medial Surface Paracentral Lobule Precuneus

Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (Lateral Surface)

Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (Medial Surface)

Sensory Homunculus

Gyri of the Occipital Lobe Lateral Surface Lateral Occipital Gyrus Superior Occipital Gyrus Inferior Occipital Gyrus Medial Surface Cuneus Lingual Gyrus Basal Surface Occipitotemporal Gyrus

Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (Lateral Surface)

Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (Medial Surface)

Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (basal surface)

Gyri of the Temporal Lobe Lateral Surface Superior Temporal Gyrus Middle Temporal Gyrus Inferior Temporal Gyrus Basal Surface Lingual Gyrus Occipitotemporal Gyrus Medial Occipitotemporal Gyrus Lateral Occipitotemporal Gyrus

Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (Lateral Surface)

Gyri of the Limbic Lobe Outer Ring Cingulate Gyrus Isthmus of Cingulate Gyrus Parahippocampal Gyrus Uncus, Uncinate Gyrus Inner Ring Hippocampal Formation Hippocampus, Ammon's Horn Dentate Gyrus Fasciolar Gyrus Indusium Griseum (Supracallosal Gyrus) Paraterminal Gyrus (Subcallosal Gyrus) Subcallosal Area (Parolfactory Area)

Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (Medial Surface)

Structures of the Lateral Surface of the Brain 1 2 5 4 3 Structures of the Lateral Surface of the Brain

Structures of the Medial Surface of the Brain 3 2 4 1 Structures of the Medial Surface of the Brain

Structures of the Basal Surface of the Brain 2 1 Structures of the Basal Surface of the Brain

Insula of Reil

Structures around the Limbic Lobe 1 3 2

Structures of the Limbic Lobe 1 2 3

Structures of the Limbic Lobe 2 1 3

Structures of Fornix Uncus Hippocampus Fimbria Crus Commissure Corpus Column Mammillary body 6 7 5 8 3 2 1 4

Cerebral White Matter Projection fiber Corona radiata Commissural fiber Corpus callosum rostrum, genu, trunk, splenium Anterior commissure Commissure of fornix Association fiber Short association fiber Long association fiber

Fibers of Cerebral White Matter (coronal section) 1. Corpus callosum 2. Internal capsule 3. Superior occipitofrontal fasciculus 4. Superior longitudinal 5. Inferior occipitofrontal 6. Cingulum 7. Uncinate fasciculus 8. Inferior longitudinal

Embryonic (developmental) divisions of the Brain telencephalon Cerebral cortex Cerebral white matter Basal ganglia metencephalon Cerebellum Pons Primary vesicle Secondary vesicle Derivatives Prosencephalon diencephalon Thalamus Hypothalamus Subthalamus Epithalamus Mesencephalon mesencephalon Midbrain Rhombencephalon myelencephalon Medulla oblongata