Mid-Term Review Day 3

Topic 12: Cellular energy ATP vs. ADP = Adenosine Triphosphate = high energy carrier Adenosine Diphosphate = low energy carrier 38. Photosynthesis = process of converting light energy to chemical a. Location = chloroplasts of plant cells b. Energy produced = sugar stores energy c. Chemical formula = CO2 + H2O + Light  C6H12O6 + O2 d. How many stages = light dependent and light independent

Topic 12: Cellular energy 39. Aerobic Cell Respiration = break down sugars to make ATP in presence of oxygen a. Location = mitochondria b. Energy produced = up to 36 ATP c. Chemical formula = C6H12O6 + O2  CO2 + H2O + ATP d. How many stages = Krebs (citric acid cycle) and Electron transport chain

Topic 12: Cellular energy 40. Anaerobic Cell Respiration (AKA fermentation) = non-oxygen using energy production, (low amount of ATP) a. Glycolysis – process that takes place before any form of respiration (anaerobic/aerobic) b. Lactic acid fermentation = turns simple sugars into lactic acid (burning sensation in muscles) c. Alcohol fermentation = turns simple sugars into alcohol and CO2 gas. (used to make breads/wines)

Topic 13: Plant parts/structures 41. Basic structures a. Leaves = used to give more surface area/space for chloroplasts in order to absorb the most light b. Roots = in ground to anchor plant as well as absorb H2O and nutrients c. Stems = supports structures between leaves and roots, holds xylem and phloem (vascular tissue)

Topic 13: Plant parts/structures 42. Sexual organs a. Carpel = female reproductive system i. Stigma = captures pollen from environment ii. Style = brings pollen down to the ovary iii. Ovary = will supply resources to the future seed b. Stamen = male reproductive system i. Anther = top that releases the pollen into the air ii. Filament = holds the anther further from flower

Topic 14: The cell cycle 43. Main stages of the cell cycle = (life cycle of the cell) a. G1 = Gap 1 – growth, minor checks occur b. S = Synthesis – DNA is copies/duplicated c. G2 = growth, checks for mistakes before division d. Mitosis = dividing of the cell nucleus e. Cytokinesis = dividing of the cell cytoplasm

Topic 14: The cell cycle 44. Mitosis a. Prophase = chromatin condenses, nucleus dissolves, spindle fibers grow b. Metaphase = chromosomes align in center of cell c. Anaphase = chromatids split along equator d. Telophase = nuclei reform, chromosomes loosen, e. Stages of division = two stages of division f. Products of mitosis = 2 genetically identical diploid cells

End of Day 3