Challenges & Opportunities for Scaling Up Urban Sanitation in Nepal Scaling Up Urban Sanitation to Achieve Sustainable Sanitation Goals Challenges & Opportunities for Scaling Up Urban Sanitation in Nepal Bhushan Tuladhar Regional Technical Advisor, South Asia Urban Basic Services Branch SACOSAN-V SuSanA Side Event 23 October 2013

Progress on MDG Target on Sanitation Between 1990-2010 number of people without improved sanitation has increased from 531 to 714 million Rate of progress is not keeping up with rate of urbanization Wastewater management is a major issue

Urban Sanitation Challenges in Nepal Nepal is the least urbanized and most rapidly urbanizing country in South Asia Currently about 20% of population live in Urban areas Unplanned & haphazard growth ODF campaign is municipalities is more challenging Sanitation is not a priority area 12 out of 58 (20%) municipalities are ODF Lack of resources (human & financial) & appropriate management system Out of sight, out of mind is the prevailing attitude Waste & wastewater often disposed without treatment Only 6 landfill sites A few wastewater treatment systems

Trend in Sanitation Coverage in Urban & Rural Nepal Over the past decade, the rural sanitation coverage has more than doubled, while in urban areas it has not increased much

Access to Toilets in Urban Households Source: CBS, 2012: National Population Census 2011

Wastewater Management in Kathmandu Current situation Almost all wastewater is disposed directly in the river Wastewater treatment plants are not performing well Bagmati Action Plan - endorsed by Government New ADB loan (USD 137 million) Challenges Availability of Resources – land & money Management system that ensures proper O&M Cost recovery

Wastewater treatment plant at Sundarighat, Lalitpur

Wastewater treatment plant at Guhyeshori, Kathmandu

Decentralized Wastewater Treatement Systems (DEWATS) in Nepal 1st introduced in Dhulikhel Hospital in 1997 Currently more than 20 plants of different types Institutions (Hospitals, Schools) Households (mainly for grey water management) Community based plant in Thimi, Khokna, Dhulikhel Some Capacity Building Programmes 1st Constructed Wetland at Dhulikhel Hospital – Operating & Expanded Septage Treatment Facility at Teku Not Functioning

Case Study– Shreekhandapur, Dhulikhel Constructed in 2008 Capacity: 200 hhs Biogas supplied to 5 HH Cost: Rs. 5.5 million Modules: Biogas: 150 m3 Horizontal flow CW Sludge drying beds

Options for Wastewater Management Traditional on-site systems Good system, especially for small towns, if it is combined with septage treatment Reduces the cost of transporting wastewater which can be 70% of total cost of wastewater management Conventional methods Large central systems are often expensive, energy intensive and difficult to operate. May be necessary in some large cities DEWATS Fills the technological gap between pit latrines and highly sophiscated central wastewater treatement system Need to ensure good system for O&M

Opportunities for urban sanitation Many of the future cities are yet to be built Possibility of developing plans for sustainable sanitation Sewer systems absent in most towns Can promote non-sewer options ODF campaigns have been successfully implemented in some urban areas Municipal WASH Coordination Committees (M-WASH-CC) as a platform for coordination among stakeholders Rally in Chitwan Slum Biogas toilet in Hetauda Institutional DEWATS at Aamaghar, Godavari

130 tons/day compost plant at Bulta, Dhaka Investment= 2.5 million euro operation cost = 0.325 M €/yr Compost production = 9000-10,000 tons/year Selling Price of Compost = 6000 taka/per or 60 € per/ton Income from sale of compost= 0.54 -0.6 M €/yr CERs= 14000 tons/year Income from sale of CERs 14000 * 13 euro/ton = 0.18 M€ Total income= 0.72 M €/yr Carbon credits= 30% of total income 1 ton of organic waste 0.25 ton Compost 0.5 ton of GHG Reduction

DEWATS Training organized by CHRDU, ENPHO, BORDA, CDD & UN-Habitat Capacity Building DEWATS Training organized by CHRDU, ENPHO, BORDA, CDD & UN-Habitat

Raising Awareness & Knowledge Books & Manuals Brochures Movie - Dhalmati Fact sheets

Recommendations Prioritize urban sanitation starting with ODF Campaigns & “Clean City Programme” Address the needs of urban poor and informal settlements Prepare City Sanitation Plans in a participatory manner Explore combination of centralized & decentralized and sewered & non-sewer options, including fecal sludge management Piloting Technical assistance on design Capacity building Awareness raising Utilize waste & wastewater as resource Strengthen M-WASH-CC

Thank You Sunga Wastewater Treatment Plant Karuti Danda Landfill Site, Dang Thank You