Macromolecules Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids

All macromolecules contain: carbon They are also considered ORGANIC molecules hydrogen oxygen Some contain: nitrogen phosphorus iron sulfur

Where would you find iron in a macromolecule?

Where would you find sulfur in a macromolecule?

Ways to portray molecules: C6H12O6 space filling model chemical formula ball and stick model structural model

carbohydrates

carbohydrates can be classified as simple or complex sugars polysaccharides disaccharides monosaccharides

Carbohydrates are only composed of: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen…right? You are right! There is one exception

chitin

Why is carbon always present in macromolecules?

monosaccharides C6H12O6

There are TWO forms of GLUCOSE!

Disaccharides include: lactose GALACTOSE + GLUCOSE maltose GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE sucrose GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE

disaccharides occur when two monosaccharides bond together

Dehydration synthesis puts them together

Hydrolysis takes them apart

What do you call the individual units that make up a polymer? Polysaccharides occur when long chains of sugars form bonds (a polymer is any molecule of repeating units) What do you call the individual units that make up a polymer? Monomers

Polysaccharides are not just single lines, but numerous lines bonded together. What kind of bond holds these lines together? ?

Polysaccharides occur when monosaccharides connect in long chains Polysaccharides occur when monosaccharides connect in long chains. They include: glycogen starch cellulose chitin

Their functions vary: glycogen starch cellulose chitin Energy storage in animals Energy storage in plants cellulose chitin Structural support in plants Structural support in animals

Even though we eat a lot of it, we can’t digest cellulose Dietary fiber

Eat your fiber and avoid diverticulosis

fats

This is a fairly abstract model, but it’s quite clear This is a fairly abstract model, but it’s quite clear. Name the components: glycerol 1. oxygen atom 2. fatty acid chain 3.

Fats / lipids include: Phospholipids

These are just the fatty acid chains (no glycerol is added) WHAT ARE THESE RED SECTIONS? CARBOXYL GROUPS

This is a fatty acid chain This is a fatty acid chain. Make three of these, but only 5 carbons long…plus the carboxyl (so it’s actually 6 carbons)

The advantage of lipids?

Lipids made of joined rings cholesterol

estrogen testosterone

proteins

Protein Structure

Proteins are composed of a chain (polymer) of AMINO ACIDS. ? The chain can be a simple string of pearls This is the primary structure

Amino acids include:

The variable side group that determines the identity of the amino acid Proteins are composed of amino acids, which always have these components: 4. The variable side group that determines the identity of the amino acid amino group carboxyl (acid) group 1. 2. 3. A hydrogen atom

How do amino acids like these… Become a long molecule like this?

Primary structure

If the primary structure spirals, it’s now the secondary structure.

There are three types of secondary structure:

? What’s the third one?

If it begins to fold over onto itself, it now becomes the tertiary structure.

If it incorporates one or more other proteins, it becomes the quaternary structure.

Sometimes it’s very confusing to look at I DON’T GET IT!

Types of Proteins

keratin

Transmembrane proteins

collagen

Insulin

silk

Nucleic Acids

The monomers of Nucleic Acids are called NUCLEOTIDES. Each nucleotide has these three components

The rungs are composed of nitrogen base pairs