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Write everything that is underlined Ecosystem “Cycles” Write everything that is underlined

Cycling of Materials in Ecosystems

KEY CONCEPT: Matter cycles in and out of an ecosystem. All materials that cycle through living organisms are important in maintaining the health of ecosystems; but four elements are particularly important: water, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus.

Earth system has four parts Atmosphere - Lithosphere Hydrosphere - Biosphere chemical elements are required by life from the living and nonliving parts of the environment. Abiotic and biotic processes drive these cycles between the different parts of the Earth. Each compound (water, carbon, nitrogen) typically exists in all four parts of the Earth System

Biogeochemical Cycles The paths of water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus pass from the nonliving environment to living organisms; such as trees, and than back to the nonliving environment. These paths form closed circuits, or cycles, called biogeochemical cycles.

I. The Water Cycle 1. The hydrologic, or water cycle is the circular pathway of water on Earth. precipitation condensation transpiration evaporation water storage in ocean surface runoff lake groundwater seepage

salt water = 97.5% freshwater = 2.5% ice caps lakes, oceans ground- and glaciers 1.97% ground- water 0.5% lakes, rivers, and soil 0.03% atmosphere 0.001% Figure: FG30-05 Title: Earth's water. Caption: Although there is a tremendous amount of water on our planet, only a small fraction of it is available to us as freshwater.

Water Cycle Water has the greatest influence on the ecosystem’s inhabitants. In this cycle water vapor in the atmosphere condenses and falls to Earth’s surface as precipitation (snow or rain). Some of this water seeps into Earth’s surface (infiltration) and becomes part of groundwater, which is water retained beneath the surface of the Earth.

Water Cycle Most of the remaining water that falls to Earth does not stay on the surface. Instead, heated by the sun, it reenters the atmosphere by evaporation. Much he of water is taken up by the roots of plants. After passing through a plant, the water moves into the atmosphere by evaporating from the leaves, a process called transpiration.

Water Cycle Most of the remaining water that falls to Earth does not stay on the surface. Instead, heated by the sun, it reenters the atmosphere by evaporation. Much he of water is taken up by the roots of plants. After passing through a plant, the water moves into the atmosphere by evaporating from the leaves, a process called transpiration.

2. Key terms for the water cycle: Precipitation: moisture that falls to the ground (rain, snow, sleet, hail) Evaporation: changing from liquid to gas (water to water vapor) Transpiration: plants give off water vapor from their leaves to the air Condensation: changing from gas to a liquid (little water droplets form on the outside of a cold glass of lemonade - that’s condensation)

Carbon Cycle: Remember photosynthesis and respiration both involve CO2 (now we’re looking at the C for carbon) fossil fuels photosynthesis carbon dioxide dissolved in water decomposition of organisms respiration carbon dioxide in air combustion

Carbon is the building block of life. Carbon Cycle Carbon is the building block of life. Carbon like water also cycles between the biotic and abiotic factors. This cycle moves carbon from the atmosphere, through the food web, and then returns it to the atmosphere.

Carbon dioxide in the air Carbon Cycle Carbon dioxide in the air or dissolved in water is used by photosynthesizing plants, algae, and bacteria as a raw material to build organic molecules. Carbon atoms may return to the pool of carbon dioxide in the air and water in four ways Respiration Combustion Decomposition Erosion

Detritivores (soil microbes and others) Carbon Cycle Respiration - Organisms use oxygen and C6H12O6 (glucose) during cellular respiration. Carbon dioxide is a product of this reaction. Combustion- Carbon is released when wood or fossil fuel is burned Decomposition –Organic tissue and waste are broken down by decomposer and releases carbon in the soil CO2 in atmosphere Cellular respiration Plants, algae, bacteria Burning Photosynthesis Higher level consumers Wood and fossil fuels Primary consumers Decomposition Detritivores (soil microbes and others) Decomposers

Erosion: The Carbon Cycle: Carbon cycle Marine organisms use carbon dioxide dissolved in sea water to make calcium carbonate shells. Over millions of years, the shells of dead organisms form sediments, which form limestone. As the limestone becomes exposed and erodes, the carbon becomes available to other organisms. Carbon cycle

Nitrogen is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere. Nitrogen cycle Nitrogen (N) is an essential constituent of protein, DNA, RNA, and chlorophyll. Nitrogen is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere. Nitrogen must be fixed or converted into a usable form.

Nitrogen is plentiful in the atmosphere as N2 But plants and animals cannot use N2 Some bacteria in soil and legume root nodules convert N2 to compounds that plants can use: ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3–) hydrogen to form ammonia. Nitrogen cycle

Shoot Legumes and certain other plants have nodules in their roots that contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria Nodules Roots Figure 32.14A

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria ATMOSPHERE N2 Amino acids N2 Nitrogen-fixing bacteria NH4+ Soil NH4+ (ammonium) NO3– (nitrate) Nitrifying bacteria Ammonifying bacteria Organic material Root Figure 32.13

The nitrogen cycle mostly takes place underground. Some bacteria convert gaseous nitrogen into ammonia through a process called nitrogen fixation. nitrogen in atmosphere animals denitrifying bacteria nitrifying ammonium ammonification decomposers plant nitrogen-fixing bacteria in soil bacteria in roots nitrates nitrites Some nitrogen-fixing bacteria live in nodules on the roots of plants; others live freely in the soil.

Nitrifying bacteria change the ammonium into nitrate. Ammonia released into the soil is transformed into ammonium. Nitrifying bacteria change the ammonium into nitrate. nitrogen in atmosphere animals denitrifying bacteria nitrifying ammonium ammonification decomposers plant nitrogen-fixing bacteria in soil bacteria in roots nitrates nitrites Nitrogen moves through the food web and returns to the soil during decomposition.

Phosphate is released by the weathering of rocks. V. Phosphate Cycle Phosphate is released by the weathering of rocks. Phosphorus leaches into groundwater from the soil and is locked in sediments. Both mining and agriculture add phosphorus into the environment. geologic uplifting rain weathering of phosphate from rocks runoff sedimentation forms new rocks leaching phosphate in solution animals plants decomposers phosphate in soil

Activity Draw, label, color, and explain the Carbon and Nitrogen cycles on a sheet of paper. Page 414-115 figure 13.14 & 13.15 Due tomorrow

II. Oxygen Cycle: 1. Plants make food by photosynthesis They use carbon dioxide (CO2) to make oxygen (O2) 2. Animals breathe out carbon by respiration They use oxygen (O2) and breathe out carbon dioxide (CO2) By the way … humans are animals too

Example: Oxygen Cycle: respiration carbon dioxide photosynthesis

Review Questions 13.5 Cycling of Matter What is the key concept of this unit? Define the key terms for the water cycle. What do plants take in and then give out. What do animals take in and give out? How does the carbon cycle move carbon? Where is carbon emitted? Where does the nitrogen cycle take place What are phosphates released by?