Citing sources Setting up Quotes Integrating quotes Quotes and Citation Citing sources Setting up Quotes Integrating quotes

What does NOT need to be cited? All information that would be considered common knowledge Anything that we would consider encyclopedia information (birthdays, place of birth, basic statistics, basic facts) Anything that is your idea or opinion (although these need to be supported with facts and information)

What does need to be cited? The exact words of another The original ideas, attitudes, or opinions of another (even if paraphrased in your words) Original statistics or research of another (even in your own words)

If I don’t quote, what should I do? Paraphrase. Put it in your own words. Do more than just change a single word or two. Make the writing your own. ** You still need to cite these if it represents someone else’s ideas, thoughts, or opinion

When does a quote lose its effectiveness? When it’s too long (People tend not to read beyond a certain point) When it’s not properly set up & integrated When you don’t take enough time for the reader to understand its significance

Setting up your quote Integrate the quote by setting it up before introducing it. Make sure the reader understands the context of the quote. Attribute the quote to someone. Tell us who is speaking! It should be an authority. Set your quote off with a comma. Say something like: Arlen Specter, the former senator from Pennsylvania, agrees with this philosophy, saying, “Effective security measures do not come cheap” (Johnson 4).

Introducing quotes Do NOT do the following in setting up your quote: Here’s a quote by… The book says . . . The quote says . . . In the following quote…

Citing sources For citations, use author’s last name and page number. Remember, the period goes after the citation. Senator Johnson voted against all of the environmental bills that were presented in 1986 (Smith 2). If there is no author, use the first word of the title in quotes and the page number. In his 1961 inaugural address, John F. Kennedy shared his vision with the country when he stated, “Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, in order to assure the survival and the success of liberty” (“Inauguration” 2).

Use parenthetical citations for direct quotes Remember, the speaker is not always the author of the article. In 1987 Ronald Reagan was speaking about the Berlin Wall when he said,”Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall” (Rosen 4).

Integrating sources Awkward and redundant: Better Hank Aaron said he would not make an effort to attend when Bonds breaks the home run record. Aaron said, "I won't make an effort to attend when Bonds breaks the record" (Clark 8). Better Hank Aaron expressed his feelings about Bonds when he stated, "I won't make an effort to attend when Bonds breaks the record" (Clark 8).

Use parenthetical citations also for indirect (paraphrased) quotes Indirect Quote: After the September 11 attacks, President Bush declared that people were either siding with the United States or siding with the terrorists (Bell 2).

Integrating sources Alternatives for the word "said" Some words to use to help integrate sources: acknowledges suggests implies discloses observes notes concludes believes comments insists explains claims predicts summarizes illustrates reports finds proposes