Monosaccharide: 1- Triose: C3(H2O)3 or C3H6O3 • Carbohydrate that can not be hydrolyzed into simple form, they may be sub divided according to the no. of carbon atom into: 1- Triose: C3(H2O)3 or C3H6O3 2- Tetrose: C4(H2O)4 or C4H8O4 3- Pentose: C5(H2O)5 or C5H10O5 4- Hexose: C6(H2O)6 or C6H12O6 The ending OSE means the sugar.

• It depend whether aldehyde or ketone group is present. • Monosaccharide can be classified according to the kind of carbonyl group. • It depend whether aldehyde or ketone group is present. We can tell both how many carbon atoms are present and the kind of carbonyl group in a monosaccharide by combining them into one word. For example: 1- Aldo hexose: it mean 6 carbon sugar, with aldehyde. 2- Keto pentose: it mean 5 carbon sugar, with ketone.

Glycerose or aldotriose It is aldotriose, glyceraldehyde or glycerose, or ketotriose, dihydroxyacetone. CH2OH C = O Dihydroxy acetone Keto triose CHO H C OH CH2OH Glycer aldehyde Glycerose or aldotriose

• Glycerose and dihydroxy acetone sugar are isomers of monosaccharide. • Glycerose are the smallest molecule that can be classed as carbohydrate. • They are called (parent sugar) because they are present in every living cell as intermediate product. • Glycerose and dihydroxy acetone sugar are isomers of monosaccharide. ISOMERS: compound have similar carbon atom but different in configuration.

2- Tetrose: C4(H2O)4 CHO H C OH H C OH CH2OH (Have no importance)

The important members of pentose sugar are: 3- Pentose: C5(H2O)5 The important members of pentose sugar are: ribose, ribulose, arabinose, xylose, lyxose, deoxy ribose. CH2OH C = O H C OH (Ribulose) CHO HO C H H C OH H C OH CH2OH (Arabinose) CHO H C OH CH2OH (Ribose)

CHO HO C H HO C H H C OH CH2OH (Lyxose) CHO H C H H C OH H C OH CH2OH (Deoxyribose) CHO H C OH HO C H H C OH CH2OH (Xylose)

Ribose: it is present in nucleic acid. Ribulose: it is intermediate product in pentose phosphate pathway. Arabinose: present in gum Arabic. Xylose: found in wood gum. Lyxose: present in heart muscle. Deoxy ribose: present in nucleic acid.

• The source of glucose from: 4- Hexose: 6C The important isomers of hexose sugar are: Glucose, fructose, galactose and mannose. CHO H C OH HO C H CH2OH (Glucose) 1- Glucose: C6H12O6 • The source of glucose from: 1- Fruit sugar. 2- Hydrolysis of starch. 3- Cane sugar.

• The important of glucose, it is the sugar of the body • The important of glucose, it is the sugar of the body. The sugar carried by the blood, it is supply the body with the required amount of energy at anytime. • More of half energy of the body provided by oxidation of glucose to CO2 & H2O. • When the value of glucose in blood decrease, headache will occur. • If the value decrease to 40 mg % or lesser, comma take place and the case called hypoglycemia. • When the value of glucose in blood increase to more than 120 mg % the case called hyperglycemia.

• If glucose appear in the urine the case is called diabetes mellitus. • Liver remove glucose from blood by combining many molecule to form glycogen which is stored in liver. • In the mammary gland, glucose is converted to galactose, then a molecule of galactose is combine with a molecule of glucose to form lactose which is milk sugar. • The normal range of glucose in the body is ) 65-100%(. • Glucose is the most important carbohydrate in mammalian biochemistry because nearly all carbohydratein food is converted to glucose for metabolism. • Glucose, with four asymmetric carbon atoms, can form 16 isomers.

Thank You