AP Human Geography Unit 5: Agriculture Copeland Global Pattern of Agriculture, Agribusiness and the Changes in Cultural Landscape AP Human Geography Unit 5: Agriculture Copeland

Intensive vs. Extensive AG Extensive AG-use of small inputs of labor, fertilizers and capital (sheep, cattle) Intensive AG-use of large inputs of labor, fertilizers and capital (dairy, eggs, fruits/ veggies-perishable)

Agricultural Landscape The agricultural imprint of cultivation on the land The patterns of fields and properties created as people occupy land for the purpose of farming

Cadastral Systems A system the delineates property lines Adopted in places where settlement could be regulated by law Three Types: 1) Township-and-Range System 2) Metes and Bounds 3) Long-Lot Survey

1) Township-and-range system Designed to facilitate the dispersal of settlers evenly across farmlands of the interior Basic unit = section (1sq. Mi of land) Land frequently bought in half or quarter sections Townships – (36 sq. mi) serve as political administrative subdistricts

Township and Range – The cultural landscape of Garden City, Iowa reflects the Township and Range system. Townships are 6x6 miles and section lines are every 1 mile.

2) Metes and Bounds Survey Natural features used to demarcate irregular parcels of land Used commonly along the eastern seaboard Rivers, lakes, streams, mountains

Tennessee’s 3rd Surveyor’s District using Metes and Bounds to describe the plot

3) Long-Lot Survey System Long, narrow unit block stretching back from a road, river, or canal Central and Western Europe, Brazil, Argentina, Southern Louisiana, Texas

Longlot Survey System The cultural landscape of Burgandy, France reflects the Longlot Survey system, as land is divided into long, narrow parcels. French Long Lot agricultural fields in Louisiana

Dominant Land Survey Patterns in the US

Maps of AG

Truck Farming Crops

Agricultural Villages Linear Village Cluster Village (nucleated) Round Village (rundling) Walled Village Grid Village

Village Forms

Functional Differentiation within Villages Cultural landscape of a village reflects: Social stratification Differentiation of buildings Cultural norms Economic way of life Levels of Interdependence

Stilt village in Cambodia Buildings look alike, but serve different purposes.

Farm in Minnesota each building serves a different purpose

Agribusiness and Vertical Integration Many different types of agribusinesses work together to market the products of U.S. agriculture. The marketing process starts when the producer sells grain, soybeans, cotton, livestock, dairy, eggs, poultry, fruit, nuts, vegetables or other products. From there the job is taken over by other agribusinesses that perform functions that are necessary to deliver the product to a consumer. The process ends when the consumer buys a ready-to-use product such as a steak, a loaf of bread, a pizza, a bag of apples, a can of peas, a shirt or a pound of cheese. Commodity - This refers to any product that is essentially undifferentiated. This means that there is no difference in the product regardless of which company you buy from. Milk is generally said to be a commodity. As long as the product meets the health guidelines for milk, there is really no difference between producers or sellers. Trade goods, goods -- (articles of commerce). Oil/Petroleum Products Coffee Steel and Infrastructure Gold Wheat

CONAGRA PRODUCTS

Starbucks Coffee as a Commodity in Vertical Integration Starbucks practices a unique form of vertical integration. They control the coffee that is grown (Arabica) only. They negotiate a price of the coffee they purchase from individual farmers (market price) and farmers are given incentives for high quality beans. Roasting is done using very specific, unique methods by Starbucks. Starbucks and Fair Trade: Does it truly care about the farmer? Reference to articles read from last night. What is the conundrum associated with Starbucks and Fair Trade coffee?