Environmental Systems

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Presentation transcript:

Environmental Systems Chapter 5 Environmental Systems

Chesapeake Bay Chesapeake Bay used to be the world’s largest oyster fishery By 2010, output reduced to 1% of historical levels Numerous causes of the decline: Overharvesting Habitat destruction Disease More recently, nutrient addition (nitrogen and phosphorus) from fertilizer, fossil fuel emissions, storm water runoff Hypoxia = low concentrations of oxygen in water

Key concepts Hypoxia- When phytoplankton die, settle to the bottom and are decomposed by bacteria, oxygen in the water is depleted. Creates dead zones. (Oxygen sag curve) Dissolved Oxygen (oxygen sag curve)

Eutrophication https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UGq ZsSuG7ao Fertilizers Leaching into water Water plants grow No sunlight Algae die, plants die Bacteria decompose dead plants Bacteria takes all the oxygen up! Fish die!

Earth is a system! System = a network of relationships among parts, elements, or components They interact with and influence one another They exchange energy, matter, or information Systems receive inputs of energy, matter, or information They process these inputs and produce outputs Feedback loop = a circular process in which a system’s output serves as input to that same system Negative and positive feedback loops do not mean bad and good

Positive Feedback Loop Amplifies change in system by causing further increase or decrease Example: In increase causes more of an increase and a decrease causes more of a decrease. Example: More births equal a larger population which will have more births.

Negative Feedback This feedback occurs when a system resists change by returning to original state or slowing rate of change. Example: In a lake when the water level drops, the surface area for evaporation drops. Evaporation above the lake is reduced causing the water level to rise.

Feedback Loops They do not refer to good or bad. They are named based on their direction of change. Negative feedback loops help to stabilize environmental systems and help systems return to their NORMAL state.

Feedback Loop Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnAKICtJIA4

Energy Converted in BIOMASS Primary production = conversion of solar energy to chemical energy in sugars by autotrophs Gross primary production (GPP) = total amount of energy captured by autotrophs Net primary production (NPP) = energy remaining after respiration— used to generate biomass Available for consumption by heterotrophs Secondary production = biomass generated by heterotrophs from consuming autotrophs Productivity = rate at which ecosystems generate biomass Ecosystems differ in net primary productivity High net primary productivity = ecosystems whose plants rapidly convert solar energy to biomass

Biomass Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnAKICtJIA4

Ecosystems Ecology Crash Course https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v6ubvEJ3KGM