Advances in Technology and Science

1. Electric Power Michael Faraday Discovered the connection between magnetism and electricity Developed the dynamo Machine that generated electricity by moving a magnet through a coil of copper wire Used electricity to power an electric motor which would lead to the development of electric generators

b. Thomas Edison Developed the first usable and practical light bulb in 1789 He made generators, motors, light sockets, and other electrical devices Helped develop city electrical utility systems Built the world’s first central electrical plant in NYC

c. Effects on Industry and Daily Life Improved industry in 3 ways Factories no longer relied on steam engines to power machines Factories did not need to depend on waterways to power steam engines Product increase Factories were no longer dependent on sunlight

ii. Daily Life Electricity was used to light houses Electricity became a cheaper alternative

2. Advances in Travel Henry Bessemer Trains Developed the Bessemer Process Involved forcing air through molten metal to burn out carbon and other impurities Helped to transform the train industry Trains Helped goods to be shipped quicker Costs went down

c. Automobiles Henry Ford 1905, he said, “I will build a motor car for the great multitude.” Used mass production method in factories Built affordable line of cars called the Model T

d. Airplanes Wilbur and Orville Wright Kitty Hawk, NC, Dec. 17, 1903 Flew a powered airplane in sustained flight Went only 120 ft. Paved way for airplanes to travel the globe, transport goods and fight wars

3. Advances in Communication The Telegraph Samuel Morse Credited with inventing the telegraph in 1837 Machine sent messages instantly over wires Developed Morse Code, the language that was used to send messages Series of longs and shorts Electrical pulses

b. The Telephone Alexander Graham Bell Teacher to the hearing impaired and was working in sound technology Inadvertently discovered the telephone, by trying to figure out how to send multiple telegraph messages at one time Called his assistant Thomas Watson and Watson heard him through the receiver By 1900, almost 1.5 million telephones were installed in American homes and offices

c. Radio and Phonograph The Radio Guglielmo Marconi Built a wireless telegraph or radio First used as communication between ships, eventually used for entertainment and news

ii. The Phonograph Thomas Edison Recorded sound on one of his inventions Phonograph would become the record player

3. Science Charles Darwin Studied variations among plants and animals Wrote “On the Origins of Species”

iii. Theory of Evolution That species adapt or evolve over time Theory indicated that human beings were descended from other animals Not popular at the time because if conflicted with the biblical account of creation

b. Chemistry and Physics John Dalton Developed the modern atomic theory Essential part of the theory is that atoms of different elements are themselves different in size and mass

ii. Dmitri Mendeleyev Arranged all the chemical elements into a chart called the periodic table Revealed unknown patterns among the elements Left room for new elements that would be discovered

iii. Marie and Pierre Currie Discovered polonium and radium Found that certain elements release energy when they break down Marie called this process radio activity

iv. Ernest Rutherford Realized that atoms have a core called a nucleus Found that a nucleus is made up of positively charged particles that he called protons

v. Albert Einstein Based on two crucial ideas Used mathematics to show light can act not only as a wave but also as tiny particles of energy Developed the Theory of Relativity Based on two crucial ideas No particle of matter can move faster than light Motion can be measured only from the viewpoint of a particular observer

3. E=mc2 A small amount of mass can be converted into a huge amount of energy 4. Believed space itself is curved and that one must include time in the study of space

5. Overturned what Newton and others believed about how the universe works

5. Medical Louis Pasteur Showed the link between microbes and disease Disproved the idea of spontaneous generation Showed bacteria is always present Pasteurization The process that kills bacteria and prevents fermentation

b. Crawford W. Long Developed the idea of an anesthetic A drug that reduces pain and in large doses makes the patient unconscious Used a gas called ether 1843- performed the first painless operation by administering ether

c. Joseph Lister Developed the use of an antiseptic A germ killing agent containing carbolic acid After the use of an antiseptic, Lister was able to reduce post- surgery death from 45% to 15% in just on hospital

6. Psychology Definition Ivan Pavlov The study of the mind and human behavior Ivan Pavlov Used dogs to research that animals could be conditioned to have certain reflex actions Took this research and concluded that human behaviors are also a series of connected conditioned reflexes

c. Sigmund Freud Argued that the unconscious part of the mind contains thoughts of which one is unaware Used hypnotism to explore the unconscious part of the mind Believed repressed thought revealed in dreams could cause mental illness

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